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OT 5008 - Human Anatomy > Introduction to Spine, Back, and Abdomen > Flashcards

Introduction to Spine, Back, and Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

A

O: Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament, tips of vertebrae L1-L5
I: 12th rib
A: Fix 12th rib during inspiration, depress 12th rib for forced inspiration, ipsilateral flexion of trunk
N: Lumbar plexus

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2
Q

PSOAS MAJOR

A

O: Bodies, transverse processes, IV discs of T12-L5
I: Lesser trochanter
A: Flexion of thigh at hip
N: Lumbar plexus

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3
Q

ILIACUS

A

O: Iliac fossa, sacral ala, anterior sacroiliac ligament
I: Lesser trochanter
A: Flexion of thigh at hip
N: Femoral nerve

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4
Q

TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

A

O: Lower 6 ribs & costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
I: Pubis and linea alba
A: Compression of abdomen
N: Lower 6 thoracic + LI (iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal) ns

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5
Q

RECTUS ABDOMINIS

A

O: Pubic symphysis and crest
I: Xiphoid process, 5th - 6th - 7th costal cartilages
A. Flexion and compression of abdomen
N: Lower 6 thoracic ns

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6
Q

EXTERNAL OBLIQUES

A

O: Lower 8 ribs
I: Anterior 1/2 of iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba
A: Compression of abdomen, flexion of trunk, ipsilateral flexion of trunk, contralateral rotation
N: Lower 6 thoracic + LI (iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal) ns

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7
Q

INTERNAL OBLIQUES

A

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligaments
I: Lower 3 ribs, linea alba, pubis
A: Compression of abdomen, flexion of trunk, ipsilateral flexion of trunk, ipsilateral rotation
N: Lower 6 thoracic + LI (iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal) ns

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8
Q

Superior border of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Diaphragm

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9
Q

Inferior border of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Continuous with the pelvic cavity

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10
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - INTERTRANSVERSARII

A 
O: Transverse process
I: Transverse process of vertebra above
A. 
Bilateral --> stabilize back
Unilateral --> lateral flexion of back
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11
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - LEVATOR COSTARUM

A

O: Tips of transverse processes C7-T11
I: Ribs between tubercle & angle
A: Elevate ribs “inspiratory”

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12
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - ROTATORS

A

O: Transverse processes of vertebrae
I: Spinous process of 2nd vertebra above
A:
Bilateral –> back extension and stabilization
Unilateral –> contralateral rotation of back

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13
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - INTERSPINALES

A

O: Superior border of spinous process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae
I: Inferior border of spinous process of vertebra above
A: Back extension and stabilization

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14
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - MULTIFIDUS

A

O: Posterior sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, iliac crest, posterior superior iliac spine, articular processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic & articular processes of cervical vertebrae C7 to C4
I: Whole length of spinous process of 2nd to 4th vertebra above
A:
Unilaterally –> contralateral rotation of spine
Bilaterally –> spine stabilization

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15
Q

Deep Layer (Intrinsic) - Transversospinales and Semispinalis

A

O. C4-T10 transverse processes
I. Spinous process of 4th - 6th vertebra above, occipital bone
A.
Bilaterally –> head extension
Unilaterally –> contralateral rotation of the head

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16
Q

Transversospinales is made up of?

A

Semispinalis + Multifidus + Rotators

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17
Q

Semispinalis is made up of?

A

Capitis (muscles attached to the head) + cervicis + thoracis

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18
Q

Intermediate Layer (Intrinsic) - ILIOCOSTALIS

A

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacrum, posterior iliac crest, spines and supraspinous ligaments of lumbar vertebrae
I: Costal angles, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
A. Chief back extensors
Bilateral –> back and head extension
Unilateral –> lateral flexion

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19
Q

Intermediate Layer (Instrinsic) - LONGISSIMUS

A

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacrum, posterior iliac crest, spines and supraspinous ligaments of lumbar vertebrae
I: Ribs (between angle and tubercle) and transverse processes of thorax and cervix, mastoid process
A. Chief back extensors
Bilateral –> back and head extension
Unilateral –> lateral flexion

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20
Q

Intermediate Layer (Instrinsic) - SPINALIS

A 
O: Thoracolumbar fascia, sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacrum, posterior iliac crest, spines and supraspinous ligaments of lumbar vertebrae
I: Spines of thorax and cervix
A. Chief back extensors
Bilateral --> back and head extension
Unilateral --> lateral flexion
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21
Q

Superficial Layer (Instrinsic) - SPLENIUS CERVICIS

A

O. T3-T6 spinous processes
I. CI-C4 transverse processes
A. Head extension bilaterally; ipsilateral rotation and flexion

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22
Q

Superficial Layer (Intrinsic) - SPLENIUS CAPITIS

A

O. Nuchal ligament, C7-T4 spinous processes
I. Mastoid process & occipital bone
A. Head extension bilaterally; ipsilateral rotation and flexion

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23
Q

What are EXTRINSIC muslces?

A

They are located posterior to the vertebral column and are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves.

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24
Q

What are INTRINSIC muscles?

A

They are located posterior to the vertebral column and innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves.

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25
Q

What are the functions of INTRINSIC muscles?

A

To maintain posture and move the vertebral column.

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26
Q

List Superficial Extrinsic muscles and what they do.

A 
Trapezius (CN-11)
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae

Move upper limb (mainly)

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27
Q

Name the Intermediate Extrinsic muscles and what they are.

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

Respiratory muscles

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28
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V).

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29
Q

What is a myotome?

A

The group of muscles supplied by a single nerve root. Map of general somatic motor fibers.

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30
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Motor innervation

A

Skeletal muscles

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31
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Sensory innervation

A

Skin, joints, and muscles

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32
Q

Somatic vs. Autonomic

A

Somatic
Motor –> Skeletal muscle (voluntary nervous system)
Sensory –> Sensations from skin/joints

Autonomic
Motor –> Smooth & cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary NS)
Sensory –> Viscera & blood vessels

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33
Q

Central vs. Peripheral

A

CNS = Brain and spinal cord
- Integrate, coordinate incoming/outgoing signals; higher mental functions

PNS = Nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies outside spinal cord

  • 12 pairs of cranial nerve + 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • Conduct impulses to/from CNS
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34
Q

What makes up a long bone?

A

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, and Metaphysis

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35
Q

Describe the Epiphysis.

A

Enlarged end, strengthen joints, attachment site for tendons and ligaments

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36
Q

Describe the Diaphysis.

A

Elongated, cylindrical shaft

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37
Q

Describe the Metaphysis.

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis. Contains epiphyseal (growth) plate.

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38
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Covers most internal surfaces of bones
  • Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
  • Active in bone remodeling, growth, fracture repair
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39
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Covers external surfaces of bones, except where articular cartilage does
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
  • Contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
  • Active in remodeling, growth, fracture repair
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40
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis and reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints.

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41
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis. In adults, it contains yellow bone marrow.

*Medullary cavity in infants contains spongy bone and filled with red bone marrow.

42
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in endosteum and periosteum. Produce more stem cells and osteoblasts.

43
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone matrix (secrete as organic osteoid)

44
Q

Osteocytes

A

Reside in lacunae. Maintains matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone.

45
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large, multinuclear cells that dissolve bone matrix (osteolysis), releasing CALCIUM

  • Have ruffled border
  • Often located in a resorption “Howship” lacuna
  • Secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve matrix
46
Q

Two Patterns of Bone Development

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification

47
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

“Inside membrane”

Develops from mesenchymal membrane and produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and center of clavicle

48
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

“Within the cartilage”

Begins with hyaline cartilage model and produces majority of bones in the body.

49
Q

Functions of Bone Tissues

A
  • Support and protection of more delicate organs
  • Movement: attachment site for muscles
  • Hemopoiesis: blood cell production in red bone marrow (to make blood)
  • Storage of mineral and energy reserves: calcium and phosphate; lipids stored in yellow marrow
50
Q

What are joints?

A

Where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth

51
Q

What are the 3 classification of joints by function?

A

Synarthrosis (immobile joint), amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile), diarthrosis (freely moveable)

52
Q

What are the 3 classification of joints by structure?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

53
Q

Types of Synovial Joints (Diarthrosis)

A

Plane joints, ball-and-socket joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, condylar (ellipsoid) joints, and pivot joints

54
Q

Types of Muscle Tissues

A

Skeletal, cardiac striated, and smooth

55
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Moves bones and other structures
56
Q

Cardiac striated muscle tissues

A

Forms walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels

57
Q

Smooth muscle tissues

A

Forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moves substances through viscera, controls movement through blood vessels

58
Q

How are muscles named?

A

Function, bones which they are attached to, position (location), length, relative size, number of attachments, and shape

59
Q

Prime mover (agonist)

A

Main muscles producing a specific movement

60
Q

Fixator

A

Provide proximal fixation

61
Q

Synergist

A

Complement the action of the agonists by preventing movements at unwanted joints

62
Q

Antagonist

A

Oppose the agonists

63
Q

Isotonic (Phasic)

A

Length change

64
Q

Concentric vs. Eccentric (Phasic)

A 
Concentric = shortening
Eccentric = lengthening
65
Q

Isometric (Phasic)

A

Same length with muscle tension above the regular muscle tone

66
Q

Tonic

A

Slight contraction to produce muscle tone to maintain body postures

67
Q

Reflexive (involuntary)

A

Respiratory movement and muscle reflex

68
Q

Vertebral column is composed of ____ bones.

A

26

69
Q

How many individual vertebrae are there?

A

24

70
Q

What are the 3 sections of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), and Lumbar (5)

71
Q

Two inferior bones that are fusions of several vertebrae

A

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) and Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae - tailbone)

72
Q

Functions of Vertebral Column

A

Protection, Support, Axis of movement, and Posture and locomotion

73
Q

Four spinal curvatures present in adult

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

74
Q

Primary curves that appear in fetal development

A

Thoracic and sacral curvatures

75
Q

Secondary curves appear at 3-4 months of age

A

Cervical and lumbar curvatures (help shift trunk’s weight over the legs)

76
Q

What are the causes of an abnormal curvature?

A

Congenital, trauma, behavioral, and age-related causes

77
Q

What are the impacts on occupational performance?

A

Balance and ROM

78
Q

Vertebral body

A

Supports body weight, muscle, and ligament attachments

79
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Protection of spinal cord, muscle, and ligament attachments

80
Q

What makes up the vertebral arch?

A

2 pedicles, 2 laminae, superior and inferior articular processes, spinous process, transverse process

81
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral canal houses: Spinal cord and meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots, and vessels

82
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Exit the spinal

83
Q

Which region of the vertebrae allows the most movement?

A

Cervical - allows for most mobility/degrees of movement

84
Q

What region in the vertebrae allows the least movement?

A

Thoracic - stabilization to protect vital organs, least movement

85
Q

Describe Atlas C1.

A

No body, no spinous process, articulates w/ skull at antlanto-axial joint

86
Q

Describe Axis C2.

A

“Dens” projected superiorly from the body antlanto-axial and articulates with C1 at atlanto-axial joint

87
Q

What is the prominent difference between the male and female coccyx?

A

Females have a flatter coccyx to allow for passage of the baby through birth canal. Females also have wider sacrums than males.

88
Q

Atlanto-occipital (Condyloid synovial)

A

Bones: superior articular process of CI with occipital condyles
Movement: mainly head flexion/extension, limited side to side flexion and rotation
Ligaments (Ligs): anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes

89
Q

Atlanto-axial

A

2 lateral atlanto-axial joints –> plane synovial
1 median atlanto-axial joints –> pivot synovial
Bones: C1 and C2
Movement: Rotation side-to-side
Ligaments:
Cruciate ligament: transverse band (acts as an annular ligament); longitudinal band
Alar ligaments R/L, Apical ligament, Tectorial membrane (the upper part of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It covers the cruciate, alar, and apical ligaments.

90
Q

Intervertebral Joints (IV)

A

Cartilaginous/symphysis

Structure:

a. Anulus fibrosis –> fibrocartilage
b. Nucleus pulposus –> 85% water at birth, dehydrates as we age

Ligs:

a. Anterior longitudinal ligament
b. Posterior longitudinal ligament

Functions: act as shock absorbers and permit movement between vertebral bodies

91
Q

Uncovertebral “Luschka’s” Joint

A

C3-C6
Between uncus and inferiorlateral surface of the superior vertebral body
Covered with cartilage, filled with fluid
Limit lateral flexion

92
Q

Zygapophysial “Facet” Joints

A

Bones: articular processes
Synovial plane joints
Articular joint capsule
Allow for spinal movement

93
Q

Ligaments of the Spine

A 
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamenta flava
Interspinous
Supraspinous
Nuchal
Intertransverse
94
Q

Function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Maintains the stability of the IV joints and limits extension of the vertebral column

95
Q

Function of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Helps prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior herniation of the IV discs

96
Q

Function of the Ligamenta flava

A

Help preserve posture and assist with straightening the column after flexing

97
Q

Function of the Interspinous ligament

A

To limit flexion (bending forwards) through restricting separation of the spinous processes of the vertebral column.

98
Q

Function of the Supraspinous ligament

A

Helps maintain the upright position of the head.

99
Q

Function of the Nuchal ligament

A

Limits forward flexion of the head and the cervical spine

100
Q

Function of the Intertransverse ligament

A

To limit lateral flexion of the spine.

OT 5008 - Human Anatomy (1 decks)

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