Introduction to sociology Flashcards
1
Q
Redlining
A
- If your house was within the reline, the banks wouldn’t give you a loan.
- And the neighborhoods that got redlined we’re the ones where minorities, particularly black families lived.
- Redlining was the outlaw in 1968, but because
- Homeownership is there a major source of wealth for most Americans, neighbourhood segregation and racial wealth inequality at the legacies of policies like redlining.
2
Q
Income
A
- The money you earn from work or investments.
3
Q
Wealth.
A
- The total value of the money and other assets you hold, like real estate and stocks and bonds.
4
Q
Anticipatory Socialization
A
- Learning to fit into a group you’ll someday be part of, like a gender race.
5
Q
- Learning to fit into a group you’ll someday be part of, like a gender race.
A
- Where parents convey to their children the values that go along with being upper-class or middle class or working class.
6
Q
The great equalizer / Education
A
- The more people have access to quality education, the more equal exercise it gets.
- We might be concerned that education will have the opposite effect and will actually help pass in the qualities from one generation onto the next.
7
Q
Income segregation
A
- The tendency for families of similar income levels to live in the same neighbourhoods.
8
Q
Utilitarian organizations.
A
- Serve some function for their members
9
Q
Normative organizations
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- Sometimes called voluntary associations – are organizations that people join as volunteers
- They’re normative because people join them to pursue some goal that they think is morally worthwhile.
10
Q
Coercive organizations
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- Organizations where you don’t have a say in whether you’re a member or not.
11
Q
Rational view organizations
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- Sees everything as up for grabs, and tries to find the most efficient way to accomplish a given task through thinking and calculations
12
Q
Bureaucracy.
A
- An organization that’s been rationally constructed to do things efficiently.
- Regardless of how democratic a bureaucracy is in theory, in practice, it always tends toward pure oligarchy
- The people at the top may be elected, but because of their position of power, they’re actually insulted from the people who elected them.
- Bureaucracies are supposed to run with machine like efficiency, consistency and calculability.
- And if they exercise their personal, reasoned judgment and ignore the rule, they’re doing their job wrong.
- To be a good bureaucrat is not to think for yourself, but to be good cog in the machine.
- The bureaucratic model of formal organizations has taken hold to be a regular part of modern life.
13
Q
- bureaucratic Specialized roles
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- members each have specialized roles that fit together in a hierarchy.
14
Q
- bureaucratic Hierarchy
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- A clear chain of command linked by formal, written communication
15
Q
- bureaucratic Formal, written communications
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- A clear chain of command linked by formal, written communication
16
Q
- bureaucratic Technical competence
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- Members of a bureaucracy also complete their work with technical competing colleagues and customers without regard for their individual desires.
17
Q
- bureaucratic Impersonally.
A
- Everyone is treated impersonally
18
Q
- bureaucratic Rules and regulations.
A
- Since bureaucracies are strictly hierarchical and rule based, those rules can sometimes get in the way.
19
Q
Bureaucratic intertie.
A
- Where an organization’s ultimate goal becomes just to perpetuate itself, to keep existing.
20
Q
bureaucratic Hierarchies organization
A
- People at the top make decisions for the people at the bottom
21
Q
bureaucratic Fast food.
A
- The whole industry is based on the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity and control.
- Fast service is received because of the way the food is made is precisely controlled.
22
Q
bureaucratic Education
A
- We see more Emphasis on standardized test and tightly control curricula that run students through the system in four years flat.
23
Q
Crime against a person
A
- Murder aggravated assault.
- Rape
- Robbery
24
Q
Crime against property
A
- Burglary
- Larceny theft
- Auto theft
- Arson
25
Q
Victimless crimes
A
- Illegal drug use
- Prostitution
- Gambling
26
Q
Over criminalized.
- Large African American populations, for example have been found to be associated with increased perception of crime, even when controlling for the actual crime rate.
A
- More easily Assumed to be criminal and treated as such by both the police and the public at large.
- overcriminalization Isn’t a matter of who commits crime but how society imagines who criminals are.
27
Q
Mass incarceration
A
- The removal itself can have damaging effects with communities of colour being particularly impacted.
- Incarceration Puts stress on families, destabilises neighbourhoods as residents cycle in and out of prison and leads to increasing number of people with limited employment prospects.
28
Q
Retribution
A
- Making the offenders suffer As the victim suffered, as a kind of moral vengeance.
29
Q
Deterrence
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- Reduce crime by making the prospect of getting caught sufficiently awful.
30
Q
Social protection
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- Render an offender incapable of further criminal offences, usually through long prison sentences or capital punishment.
31
Q
Rehabilitation
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- punishment as an opportunity to reform offenders and return them to society as productive citizens.
32
Q
spider-Whorf hypothesis,
A
- language, and values come together with material objects to form a way of life.
33
Q
Symbols
A
- Anything that carries a specific meaning that’s recognised by people who share a culture.
- Whether it’s written, spoken or non-verbal language allows us to share the things that make up our culture, a process known as cultural transmission.
34
Q
Values
A
- The cultural standards that people use to decide what’s good or bad, what’s right or wrong. They serve as the ideals and guidelines that we live by.
35
Q
BELIEFS
A
- Beliefs by contrast are more explicit than values
- Beliefs are specific ideas about what people think is true about the world
36
Q
Norms
A
- These guidelines are what we call norms, all the rules and expectations that guide behaviour within a society.
- Folkways are the informal little rules that kind of go without saying.
- It’s not illegal to violate a folkway, but if you do, there might be ramifications - or what we call negative sanctions.
- And sometimes come out breaking a folkway can be a good thing, and school used some positive sanctions from certain parts of society. Like the boycotts.
37
Q
Mores
A
- When mores a broken, you almost always get a negative sanction, and they’re usually more severe than just strange looks.
38
Q
Internet culture
A
New linguistics styles have found out that convey meaning to other people online, because Internet culture
39
Q
Deviance
A
- Deviance simply means being non normative. Different
Anything that deviates from what people generally accept as normal. - It’s not something strange though. Just abnormal and deviates social norms
- It also includes things we might just think of as outside the mainstream.
40
Q
Social control.
A
- Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviours in ways that limit, or punish, deviance.
- Negative sanctions
41
Q
Formal sanctions
A
- affirmative reactions, usually in response to conformity.
- Occur when norms are codified into law, and violation always results in negative sanctions from the criminal justice system, the police, courts and prison system.
42
Q
Biologically essentialist
A
- The notion that something about a person’s essential biology made them deviant
- People expect physically strong boys to be bullies, and so they encourage aggressive behaviour in such boys. Some grow up and engage in aggressive criminal behaviour.
43
Q
Functions of deviance
A
- Deviance helps define cultural values and norms.
- We can only know what’s good by knowing what’s not good. - Society’s response to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
- These reactions bring society together
- By reacting in similar ways to something that seems nit normative, we’re basically affirming to each other that we’re an us and the deviants are them. - Deviance can encourage social change
- Civil rights movement
- Rosa parks who was disobedient
44
Q
Conformity.
A
- Achieving culturally set goals by way of conventionally approved means.
- Go to school, get good grades, graduate, get a good job, work hard, get rich, success.
45
Q
Ritualism
A
- A deep devotion to the rules because they are the rules
46
Q
Retreatism
A
- A person basically ‘’drops out’’ of society, rejecting both the conventional means and goals.
47
Q
Rebellion
A
- A rejection of goals and means, but in the context of a counterculture – one that supports the pursuit of new goals according to new means.
48
Q
Stigma
A
- A powerfully negative sort of master status that affects a person’s self concept, social identity, and interactions with others.
49
Q
Retrospective labelling.
A
- Where their past is reinterpreted, so that they are understood as having always been irresponsible
50
Q
Prospective labelling.
A
- Which looks forward in time, predicting her future behaviour based on her stigma
51
Q
Control theory.
A
- Posits that norms and laws reflect the interests of the powerful. The powerful can defend their power by labelling as deviant anything that threatens that power.
- For example, in capitalist societies, deviant labels are often applied to those who interfere with the way capitalism functions.
- Points out that norms have an inherently political nature, but the politics tend to be masked by the general belief that if something is normative, it must be right and good.
52
Q
Meritocracy
A
- A system in which hard work and talent is recognised and rewarded.
53
Q
Manifest function
A
- Manifest functions are the intended consequences of education. And an obvious example of a manifest function is just teaching kids the basic facts about the world.
54
Q
- Cultural transmission
A
News passing along knowledge to a new generation of citizens.
55
Q
Education
A
- By going to school outside the home, kids begin to learn norms and values Beyond what the parents might teach them.
56
Q
Social integration
A
- Taking people from different backgrounds an exposing them to social norms and cultural values, in an effort to promote a shared understanding of the social world.
57
Q
Credentials
A
- A way if establishing someone’s qualifications to work in a certain field
- Often used as a way to determine social status
- They determine social placement by telling us who can access which jobs and how much they should be paid for that work.
58
Q
Latent function
A
- One of the more important ones is learning how to be a good 9 to 5 worker
- Because it teaches children how to work within a set schedule and listen to authority figures
59
Q
Cultural capital
A
- Valuable culture knowledge and experience that can be translated to forms of economic and social capital.
- Higher income parents are more likely to read to the kids and spend more time interacting with their children, even at very young ages
- Which leads to kids entering school with their more robust vocabulary and better literacy skills than their less affluent peers
60
Q
Family of origin.
A
- No matter what type it is, the family that you grew up in is known as your family of orientation.
61
Q
Family of procreation.
A
- Is when you create your own family as an adult
62
Q
Endogamy.
A
- Marriage between people of same social category
63
Q
Exogamy
A
- Marriage between people of different social categories.
64
Q
Polygamy.
A
- Marriage to or more spouses, is legally recognised in the majority of African countries and in some south Asian countries.
65
Q
Monogamy.
A
- Marriage between two people.
66
Q
Homogamy
A
- Marriage between people with similar social backgrounds.
67
Q
Feminism.
A
- The support for social equality among genders.
- There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Just like there are no female livers.
68
Q
Patriarchy.
A
- A form of social organisation in which institutional structures are dominated by men.
- Woman are stereotyped as more emotional and men are more rational come on which makes people forced to see men as more natural fits for leadership positions.
69
Q
- Traditionalism.
A
- Sees the world as having a basic order, and the order is the way thigs ought to be.
70
Q
- Calculability
A
- Means that if we know the imputes, we know the outputs.
71
Q
- Methodical behaviour.
A
- The reason why we know the output come on if we know the input, is because there’s methodical behaviour involved, a procedure to follow.
- Legal rational legitimacy is essentially a belief in the system itself. You followed the rules because they are the rules.
72
Q
Reflexivity
A
- Lack of reflexivity is to stop reflecting on your work or your role
- An instead become locked in a calculated routine that That become meaningless and unthinking
- I am worried that will become locked in an iron cage of bureaucratic capitalism.
- Our lives’ will become nothing, but a series of interactions based on rationalise rules with no personal meaning behind it.
73
Q
Gender stratification.
A
- The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege across genders.
74
Q
Patriarchal dividends.
A
- There are benefits that accrue to men simply because they are men,
- Men who are assertive in salary negotiation are more successful in getting a higher salary, But woman who do the same tend to be seen negatively.
- Do you negotiate an get labelled as too aggressive or do you settle for lower pay?
75
Q
Anticipatory socialization
A
Men are the Breadwinners in families and women will take care of the home and children.
- Even as more women have become equal earners outside the home come out there still tend to do more work in the household as well.
76
Q
Second shift.
A
- In which woman come home from work to more work. whereas men Are more likely to spend their time in leisure after work.
77
Q
Title IX.
A
- Is a law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in public schools.
- It was originally developed in response to the discrimination in higher education, such as enrolment quotas, or refusing to hire female academics with children. But the little became most well-known for its effects on sports.
