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SOCIOLOGY✨YEAR 1 > INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

A

Study of human social relationships and institutions

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2
Q

WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?

A
  • Carry out research to collect evidence about society in order to analyse it
  • Some analyse and describe society without offering judgements
  • Others analyse society in order to change it
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3
Q

CULTURE

A

Term used to describe the way of life of a group of people

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4
Q

MATERIAL CULTURE

A

Refers to the physical things that people create + attach emotional meaning to
EG = clothing, houses, cars

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5
Q

NON - MATERIAL CULTURE

A

Refers to the ideas that people share

EG = rules, traditions, languages

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6
Q

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION

A

Any idea that is created + given special meaning by people

EG = motherhood means more than birth

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7
Q

COLLECTIVIST CULTURES

A

Cultures that tend to emphasise belonging to the group as more important than personal freedom
EG = China or Japan

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8
Q

INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES

A

Cultures that tend to emphasise individual freedoms + personal gain; sometimes at the expense of others.
EG = Europe + North America

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9
Q

NORMS

A

Rules or guidelines for expected behaviours

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10
Q

MORES

A

Connect to norms as mores are ways of behaving that are seen as good or moral

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11
Q

BEHAVIORS THAT BREAK BRITISH NORMS

A

Bullying
Bad manners
Personal space invasion
Public nudity

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12
Q

NORMS THAT HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME

A

Children smoking
Corporal punishment
Child labour
Swimwear

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13
Q

VALUES

A

Widely accepted beliefs that some things are worthwhile and desirable

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14
Q

CUSTOMS

A

Traditional and regular forms of behavior associated with social occasions

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15
Q

STATUS

A

Persons standing or position in society, often based on respect

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16
Q

ASCRIBED

A

Born with something or given automatically

EG = royalty

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17
Q

ACHIEVED

A

Positions in life changed through efforts

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18
Q

SOCIAL ROLE

A

Based on your status, you are expected to follow particular norms of behavior

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19
Q

ROLE CONFLICT

A

When roles clash

EG = being a student who has to do homework, but having to work

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20
Q

SOCIAL CONTROL

A

Way of ensuring that people conform to norms and values so that social order can be maintained

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21
Q

FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

A

Official control on basis of clearly written down laws / rules

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22
Q

INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

A

Unofficial control not based on written rules and often based on expectations

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23
Q

SANCTIONS ARE A FORM OF..

A

Social control

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24
Q

POSITIVE SANCTIONS

A

Reinforce behaviours throughout rewards

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25
Q

NEGATIVE SANCTIONS

A

Discourage behaviours through punishment

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26
Q

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION

A

Any idea that is created and given special meaning by people

EG = culture

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27
Q

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

A

Cultures varying significantly in what they see as normal and what they believe is the correct way to act

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28
Q

ETHNOCENTRIC

A

When your culture influenced your perspective, your own culture can seem the most normal and other cultures can seem different

29
Q

WHO WOULD ARGUE THE NATURE DEBATE?

A

Biologists and psychologists

30
Q

BEHAVIOURS INFLUENCED BY NATURE

A 
Crying
Sleeping
Fear 
Breathing 
Communicating
31
Q

WHO WOULD ARGUE THE NUTURE DEBATE?

A

Sociologists

32
Q

BEHAVIOURS INFLUENCED BY NURTURE

A

Reading
Writing
Norms and values
Empathy

33
Q

FERAL CHILDREN

A

Children brought up without the usual processes of human socialisation

34
Q

AGENTS OF SOCIALISATION

A

Any person, social group or organisation that passes on cultural norms and values and essentially teaches us how to behave can be described as a agent

35
Q

WHO CREATED THE IDEA OF 3 STAGES OF SOCIALISATION

A

Talcott Parsons (1955)

36
Q

PRIMARY SOCIALISATION

A

Child leans from immediate family in the home. Adopts the values and beliefs of the family and learns the expectations the parent has of the child

37
Q

SECONDARY SOCIALISATION

A

Where the child learns what wider society expects of its members. Generally takes places outside the home

38
Q

TERITARY SOCIALISATION

A

Adult, takes place when people need to adapt to new situations
EG = becoming a parent

39
Q

FORMAL SOCIALISATION

A

Processes where people deliberately and consciously manipulated to ensure they form certain rules

40
Q

INFORMAL SOCIALISATION

A

More haphazard process where people learn to fit in their culture by watching and learning from others around them

41
Q

WHAT DO YOU LEARN FROM THE FAMILY?

A 
Basic behaviours such as manners
Social skills
Ability to avoid danger 
Desire to achieve ambitions 
Cultural and family traditions
42
Q

HOW DO YOU LEARN FROM THE FAMILY?

A

Parents teach children how to become functioning members of society through guided instructions or through informal social control and sanctions

43
Q

IDENTITY

A

This our sense of who we are, our relationships to other people and our place in the social world

44
Q

PRIMARY IDENTITY

A

Personal sense of self

45
Q

SECONDARY IDENTITY

A

Our social sense of self and the roles we play in society

46
Q

ANN OAKLEY CLAIMED..

A

Children learn expected behaviour for their gender through the following primary socialisation processes..

  • Manipulation
  • Verbal appellations
  • Different activities
  • Canalisation
47
Q

MANIPULATION

A

Parents encourage behavior that is normal for the gender and discourage what they may see as inappropriate gender behavior.
EG = “boys don’t cry”

48
Q

VERBAL APPELLATIONS

A

Girls will be called ‘angel’ and ‘princess’ whereas boys are often ‘little monster’ or ‘trouble’ or other more aggressive names

49
Q

DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES

A

Girls are taken to dance lessons or kept at home to help whereas boys are let out to play or to football training

50
Q

CANALISATION

A

Boys and girls are channeled into appropriate activities so boys are given ‘male’ toys that encourage physical activity and girls are offered dolls to encourage caring

51
Q

HOW DOES THE WORKPLACE INFLUENCE GENDER IDENTITY

A
  • men take STEM subjects, meaning higher paid jobs
  • women go into hairdressing, nursing, childcare etc
  • women’s maternity leave, asked in interviews whether they plan to have children
  • more male doctors / lawyers
  • gender pay gap
52
Q

HOW DOES RELIGION INFLUENCE GENDER IDENTITY

A
  • separate traditions depending on gender
  • women start their periods = big ritual made of it
  • clothing may differ
  • in the bible men are seen as more powerful
53
Q

HOW DOES EDUCATION INFLUENCE GENDER IDENTITY

A
  • stem subjects men dominated

- English and sociology women dominated

54
Q

HOW DO PEERS INFLUENCE GENDER IDENTITY

A
  • close male friends seen as gay
  • influence socialisation towards fashion and how they should act
  • eg “man up”
  • male friends promote masculinity
55
Q

HOW DOES THE MEDIA INFLUENCE GENDER IDENTITY

A
  • women portrayed as vulnerable and dependent
  • males portrayed as strong
  • females always have to be clean and pretty
  • female and makeup adverts
56
Q

HOW DOES RELIGION INFLUENCE CLASS IDENTITY

A

God has put you in this social position so you should respect that
India’s caste system

57
Q

HOW DOES EDUCATION INFLUENCE CLASS IDENTITY

A
  • private schools and state schools

- lower classes may have more negative experience of education and not want to carry on

58
Q

HOW DOES THE FAMILY INFLUENCE CLASS IDENTITY

A
  • parents views and opinions rub off on you so you may not try as hard in school
  • allocates social class from parents
59
Q

HOW DOES THE WORKPLACE INFLUENCE CLASS IDENTITY

A
  • lower class people don’t have same connections as upper classes
  • old boys network in high class jobs
  • higher class people more respected in jobs
60
Q

HOW DOES THE MEDIA INFLUENCE ETHNIC IDENTITY

A
  • if you’re shown negative opinions about a particular ethnic group then you may share that opinion
  • folk devils on news creating moral panic
  • black males stopped and searched more by police
61
Q

HOW DO PEERS INFLUENCE ETHNIC IDENTITY

A

If you associate yourself wit certain ethnicities / races then you may be encouraged to investigate these more

62
Q

HOW DOES THE WORKPLACE INFLUENCE ETHNIC IDENTITY

A
  • instructional racism
  • traditional black names, less likely to get the job
  • black carribeand most unemployed minority group
63
Q

HOW DOES THE FAMILY INFLUENCE ETHNIC IDENTITY

A

Most of the time you are the same ethnicity and religion as your parents

  • ascribed status
  • values and morals rub off on the child
  • primary socialisation
64
Q

HOW DOES EDUCATION INFLUENCE ETHNIC IDENTITY

A

Minority ethnic groups perform lower

  • instructional racism
  • ethnocentric curriculum
  • less opportunities
  • fewer role models
65
Q

NATIONHOOD

A

Linked to a specific geographical region

66
Q

NATIONALITY

A

Most commonly based on place of birth / marriage but you can also gain nationality after meeting legal requirements

67
Q

HOW CAN CIVIC NATIONALISM BE POSITIVE

A
  • links different cultures together EG = the World Cup
  • globalisation and sociol solidarity
  • makes people feel pride in their country
68
Q

EXTREME NATIONALISM IS NEGATIVE BECAUSE…

A
  • extreme opinions towards each other
  • intolerance of others
  • racism and terrorism
  • rise in distrustful behaviour
  • ethnocentric
69
Q

HOW CAN YOU BE SOCIALISED INTO NATIONALITY?

A

Bank holidays
Royal weddings
Education system
National curriculum

SOCIOLOGY✨YEAR 1 (1 decks)

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