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Medical Imaging > Introduction to Sectional Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Sectional Anatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Disadvantages of radiographs?

A

Superimposition
Unable to differentiate between tissues with similar densities
Poor soft tissue visualization

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2
Q

What is Sectional Anatomy?

A

The study of anatomy based on the examination of cross-sections of a tissue or organ

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3
Q

Axial/Transverse/Horizontal plane

A

Cuts across the body horizontally
Divides the body into Sup/Inf portions

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4
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that cuts through the body, dividing the body into Left and Right portions

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5
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A

Vertical planet that divides the body into Ant/Post portions

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6
Q

Imaging modalities

A

Sectional images can be generated by CT and MRI

  • Both able to generate multiple 2-D cross sections (slices) of tissue and 3-D reconstructions
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7
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Uses ionizing radiation to make detailed pictures of structures inside the body

X-ray tube rotates around the patient and collects tomographic images (slices) of specific areas of the body

Good for imaging bony anatomy and visualizing internal anatom

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8
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Does NOT use ionizing radiation but rather a magnetic field with radio frequencies to obtain images

Provides good contrast between different soft tissues in the body, making it especially useful in imaging of the brain, muscle, and heart compared with other imaging techniques

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9
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal cavity extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior pelvic aperture inferiorly

Dome of diaphragm extends superiorly under the ribs to level of 5th intercostal space

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10
Q

In general, where is umbilicus located?

A

Between L3 and L4

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11
Q

What are the 5 horizontal abdominal planes?

A
  1. Transpyloric
  2. Subcostal
  3. Transumbilical
  4. Interiliac
  5. Transtubercular
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12
Q

What are the 3 vertical abdominal planes?

A
  1. Right midclavicular
  2. Left midclavicular
  3. Midsagittal (median)
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13
Q

Transpyloric plane

A

Horizontal plane halfway between xiphoid process and umbilicus

Indicates L1

Intersects pyloric region of stomach

Midline to right: passes through 1st part of duodenum, top of pancreas, 9th costal cartilage, and hilar region of right kidney

Midline to left: passes through neck of pancreas and hilar region of left kidney

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14
Q

Subcostal plane

A

Horizontal plane through the inferior portion of the ribcage

Passes trough the lower border of the 10th costal cartilage

Indicates L3

Intersects 3rd part of duodenum and lower border of pancreatic head

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15
Q

Transumbilical

A

Horizontal plane through the umbilicus

Indicates intervertebral disc between L3 and L4

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16
Q

Interiliac

A

Horizontal plane between the highest point of the iliac crests

Indicates L4

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17
Q

Transtubercular

A

Passes through the tubercles of the iliac crest

Indicates L5

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18
Q

Right Midclavicular

A

Extends vertically from midpoint of the right clavicle to the midpoint of the line joining the right ASIS and pubic symphysis

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19
Q

Left Midclavicular

A

Extends from midpoint of left clavicle to the midpoint of the line joining the left ASIS and pubic symphysis

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20
Q

Midsagittal (median)

A

Vertical plane through the umbilicus, along midline

Divides the body into two equal but nonidentical left and right parts

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21
Q

Musculoskeletal system of Abdomen

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Anterolateral abdominal wall
    • Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominus, internal oblique, and external oblique
  • Posterior abdominal wall
    • quadratus lumborum, psoas major, and iliacus
  • Vertebra
    • spinal cord terminates at L2
  • Ribs
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22
Q

The Diaphragm

A

Dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage, separating the thorax from the abdomen

Extends superiorly to 5th intercostal space

B/c of right lobe of liver, diaphragm rises to higher level on right ride of the body than the left

Central portion of diaphragm has tendinous fibers that from strong central tendon

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23
Q

Diaphragm on CT Slice

A

1 indicates Diaphragm

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24
Q

Muscular portions of the Diaphragm

A

Sternal

Costal (forms hemidiaphragm)

Vertebral (lumbar)

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25
Q

What are the three large openings in the diaphragm?

A
  1. Caval opening
    1. Allows passage of IVC
    2. Level of T8
  2. Esophageal hiatus
    1. Allows passage of esophagus
    2. Level of T10
  3. Aortic hiatus
    1. Allows passage of the aorta
    2. Level of T12
26
Q

Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. External oblique
  3. Internal oblique
  4. Transverse abdominis
27
Q

Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall (CT Slice)

A
28
Q

Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall

A
  1. Paired psoas major muscle
  2. Quadratus lumborum
  3. Iliacus
  4. Iliopsoas
29
Q

Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall (CT Slice)

A
30
Q

Abdominal Vasculature

A

Celiac trunk = L1

L/R renal artery = L2

31
Q

Abdominal Vasculature

A
  • Abdominal aorta begins at Aortic Hiatus of the diaphragm
  • Aorta descends more midline position
  • Aorta bifurcates at L4 into L/R common iliac arteries
32
Q

Abdominal Vasculature

A
  • IVC is largest vein in the body
  • After passing along the posterior surface of the liver, IVC passes through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm (T8)
  • IVC bifurcates at L5
  • IVC sits slightly to the right of the aorta (IVC always sits right of aorta)
33
Q

Abdominal Vasculature (CT slice) @ T10

A
34
Q

Abdominal Vasculature (CT slice) @ T1

A
35
Q

Abdominal Vasculature (CT Slice)

A
36
Q

Viscera of the Abdomen

A

Liver is largest solid organ in the body and primarily housed in right hypochondrium and epigastric region, extending in to left hypochondrium

37
Q

Liver

A

Liver is composed of 4 unequal lobes (right, left, caudate, quadrate)

Liver has dual blood supplies and unique circulation:

  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic veins
38
Q

Liver ligaments

A
  1. Falciform ligament = division of R and L lobes on Anterior surface
  2. Ligamentum venosum
  3. Ligamentum teres
39
Q

Falciform ligament on (CT Slice)

A
40
Q

Ligamentum Teres and Hepatic Portal vein (CT slice)

A
41
Q

Ligamentum Teres and Ligamentum Venosum (CT Slice)

A
42
Q

The gallbladder

A
  • Pear-shaped sac that serves as a reservoir for bile
  • Lies along right edge of the quadrate lobe of the liver
  • Continuous with the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct form the common bile duct
    • carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum
43
Q

Identify the following (CT slice):

A
  1. Base of lung
  2. Left adrenal gland
  3. IVC
  4. Aorta
  5. Large Bowel
  6. Stomach
44
Q

The pancreas

A

Elongated, soft, pliable gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Extends transversely across the posterior surface of the abdomen from the loop of the duodenum (head) to the hilum of the spleen (tail)

Level of L1 - L3

Lies mostly posterior to the stomach

45
Q

Duodenum and Pancreas (CT Slice)

A
46
Q

Portal vein, Splenic vein, Superior mesenteric artery and pancreas (CT Slice)

A
47
Q

What is 3* in this CT Slice?

A

Body and tail of the pancreas

48
Q

Another CT Slice (ligamentum teres, hepatic portal vein, pancreas)

A
49
Q

Spleen

A
  • Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body
  • Located in left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
  • Lies posterior of stomach and is protected by the 9th-11th ribs
  • Highly vascular
  • Primary blood filter
50
Q

Spleen on CT slices

A
51
Q

The Kidneys

A
  • T12 - L3
  • RIGHT KIDNEY SITS SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN LEFT KIDNEY DUE TO THE LIVER

16 and 17

52
Q

The Digestive System

A

Distal esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

53
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Continuous with the hypopharynx superiorly and descends inferiorly through the thoracic cavity
  • At T7, esophagus deviates to the left, passing anterior to the aorta as it descends towards the stomach
  • At T10, esophagus penetrates the diaphragm and enters the stomach at the cardiac orifice
54
Q

What are #1 and #2?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Esophagus
55
Q

Stomach

A

Most dilated part of digestive tube and it pulverizes food and mixes with gastric juices

Located upper left quadrant of abdomen

Stomach has 4 regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

56
Q

Stomach

A

Stomach is an off shape and different parts of the stomach can be seen at different levels

Fundus of the stomach is most superior portion, it is superior even to the EG junctions, it is also very posterior

Body of stomach is more anterior than fundus

57
Q

Small Intestine

A

6-7 meters long and divided into 3 parts

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum

Small intestine is piled into the abdominal cavity and is flanked by large intestine

58
Q

Duodenum

A

First (superior)

Second (descending)

Third (inferior)

Fourth (ascending)

59
Q

Large Intestine

A

Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and measure about 1.5 meters

  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Hepatic flexure
  • Transverse colon (most anterior)
  • Splenic flexure (most superior)
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
60
Q

Identify the following structures on CT Slice

A
  1. Right lobe of liver
  2. Rib
  3. IVC
  4. Fat
  5. Left lobe of liver
  6. Stomach
  7. –
  8. –
  9. Thoracic vertebra
  10. Spinal cord
  11. Erector spinae
  12. Aorta
  13. Base of Lung
  14. Spleen
61
Q

Identify the structures in the following CT Slice

A
  1. -
  2. Right lobe of liver
  3. Falciform ligament
  4. Rectus abdominis
  5. Left lobe of the liver
  6. -
  7. Air in the stomach
  8. Body and tail of pancreas
  9. Splenic flexure
  10. Portal vein
  11. IVC
  12. Thoracic vertebra
  13. Erector spinae
  14. Spinal cord
  15. Aorta
  16. Diaphragm
  17. Spleen
  18. Splenic vein

Medical Imaging (2 decks)

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