Introduction to Schizophrenia

Question 1

3 Major Componets

Answer 1

1. The psychological science of schizophrenia
2. Neuroscience of schizophrenia
3. Evidence-Based treatments for Schizophrenia

Question 2

The psychological science of schizophrenia

Answer 2

Disrupts in attention

Memory

Planning

Emotional and Social processing

Question 3

Neuroscience of schizophrenia

Answer 3

Functional and Structural brain imaging studies

Question 4

Evidence-Based Treatments for Schizophrenia

Answer 4

Medication and Psychosocial Interventions

Question 5

Epidemiology of Schizophrenia

Answer 5

• About 1% prevalence in population
• Occurs in all cultures, socioeconomic groups
• Peak onset in men, 15-25
• Peak onset in woman, 25-35
• prevalence higher in men than women
• 50% attempt suicide, 10 % succeed
• Most expensive of al mental disorders

Question 6

Gender Differences Woman

Answer 6

Women are more likely:
>to have a relative with the disorder

>to experience more positive symptoms

> to have a better treatment response

Question 7

Gender Differences Men

Answer 7

negative symptoms

> earlier onset

> worse long-term outcomes

Question 8

Etiology of Schizophrenia

(What causes it??)

Answer 8

Biological Condition

Genetic studies using twins, family and adoption techniques reveal that a predisposition for schizophrenia is transmitted genetically

Question 9

The neural diathesis–stress model of schizophrenia
In a nutshell:

Answer 9

The neural diathesis–stress model of schizophrenia proposes that stress, through its effects on cortisol production, acts upon a pre-existing vulnerability to trigger and/or worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 10

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 10

Positive,
Negative
Disorganized

Question 11

Positive (involves excesses or distortions)

Answer 11

Hallucinations
Delusions

Question 12

Hallucinations

Answer 12

Hallucinations are sensory experiences that occur in the absence of environmental stimulation
(Hear or see things that don’t exist)

Hallucinations are commonly auditory

Question 13

Delusions

Answer 13

beliefs that are contrary to reality
(believe things that aren’t real)

Persecutory delusions are common (feel that people are out to get them)

Question 14

Types of Delusions

Answer 14

Grandiose Delusions
Paranoid Delusions
Delusions of Reference
Somatic Delusions
Delusions of Being Controlled

Question 15

Grandiose Delusions

Answer 15

Thinking you have special powers
Thinking you are someone powerful or famous
Thinking you can control others just by thinking
Exampe: A patient believes they are Jesus

Question 16

Paranoid Delusions

Answer 16

Thinking people plan to hurt or cheat you
Thinking people are against you
Thinking people are sick or dying
Thinking catastrophes will happen
Example: The devil made my boss fire me

Question 17

Delusions of Reference

Answer 17

Thinking others are talking about you
Example: Believing you have received special messages from the TV or radio

Question 18

Somatic Delusions

Answer 18

A false belief about your body
Example: Thinking your heart had stopped working

Question 19

Delusions of Being Controlled

Answer 19

Thinking others or an externa force controls your feelings, thoughts, actions or behaviours
Example: Believing the FBI is controlling your behaviour by radio waves

Question 20

Negative (are characterized by behavioural deficits)

Answer 20

Avolition
Alogia
Anhedonia
Asociality

Question 21

Avolition

Answer 21

Refers to a lack of energy and an inability to persist in routine activities

Question 22

Alogia

Answer 22

Refers to the reduction in the amount or content of speech

Question 23

Anhedonia

Answer 23

An inability to experience pleasure

Question 24

Asociality

(the most debilitating effect of this disorder)

Answer 24

Refers to severe impairment in social relationships including:
social isolation
poor hygiene or grooming
poor motivation
- Blunted affect
> no facial or emotional expression on their face or through their bodies

Question 25

Disorganization

Answer 25

Thought disorder which in extreme cases can lead to “word salad” and is often accompanied by: behavioural disorganization clang association (words that rhyme to communicate)
Inappropriate affect

Question 26

Diagnosed with 2 different systems

Answer 26

ICD-10
DSM - V
(Both are overlapping)

Question 27

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria

Answer 27

A. Thought echo thought insertion or withdrawal, and thought broadcasting;

B. Delusions of control, influence, or passivity, clearly referred to body or limb movements or specific
thoughts, actions, or sensations; delusional perception

C. Hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the patient’s behaviour

D. Persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally inappropriate and completely impossible, such as religious or political identity, or superhuman powers and abilities (e.g. being able to control the weather, or being in communication with aliens from another world)

E. Persistent hallucinations in any modality.

F. Breaks in the train of thought, resulting in incoherence or irrelevant speech or neologisms;

G. Catatonic behaviour such as excitement, posturing, or waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism, and stupor;

H. “Negative” symptoms such as marked apathy, paucity of speech, and blunting or incongruity of emotional responses, usually resulting in social withdrawal and lowering of social performance.

I. A significant and consistent change in the overall aspects of personal behaviour, manifest as loss of interest, aimlessness, idleness, a self-absorbed attitude, and social withdrawal.

Question 28

A diagnosis of Schizophrenia is made when

Answer 28

very clear major symptoms are present for at least one month if untreated: if symptoms are not clear cut, two or more symptoms might be needed
no other medical condition which might cause the symptoms

Question 29

Schizophrenia Categories

Answer 29

Disorganized Type
Catatonic Type
Paranoid Type
Simple Type

Question 30

Disorganized Type

Answer 30

Disorganized speech and flat affect
A general disruption of behaviour

Question 31

Catatonic Type

Answer 31

Prolonged motor immobility states that alternate with periods of excitability

Question 32

Paranoid Type

Answer 32

involves the presence of prominent delusions including persecution and grandiosity

Question 33

Simple Type

Answer 33

The characteristic “negative” features of residual schizophrenia develop without being preceded by any overt psychotic symptoms

Question 34

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - A

Answer 34

Thought echo thought insertion or withdrawal, and thought broadcasting;

Question 35

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - B

Answer 35

Delusions of control, influence, or passivity, clearly referred to body or limb movements or specific
thoughts, actions, or sensations; delusional perception

Question 36

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - C

Answer 36

Hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the patient’s behaviour

Question 37

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - D

Answer 37

Persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally inappropriate and completely impossible, such as religious or political identity, or superhuman powers and abilities (e.g. being able to control the weather, or being in communication with aliens from another world)

Question 38

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - E

Answer 38

Persistent hallucinations in any modality.

Question 39

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - F

Answer 39

Breaks in the train of thought, resulting in incoherence or irrelevant speech or neologisms;

Question 40

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - G

Answer 40

Catatonic behaviour such as excitement, posturing, or waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism, and stupor

Question 41

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - H

Answer 41

“Negative” symptoms such as marked apathy, paucity of speech, and blunting or incongruity of emotional responses, usually resulting in social withdrawal and lowering of social performance.

Question 42

ICD -10 Diagnoses Criteria - I

Answer 42

A significant and consistent change in the overall aspects of personal behaviour, manifest as loss of interest, aimlessness, idleness, a self-absorbed attitude, and social withdrawal.