Introduction to renal and hepatic systems

Question 1

how much blood does the renal system filter a day?

Answer 1

150-200L/day

Question 2

how much salt is filtered by the kidneys?

Answer 2

~1.5kg

Question 3

what is the general functions of the renal system?

Answer 3

• Produce and expel urine
• Regulate the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid
• control pH
• control blood volume and bp
• controls osmolarity
• controls ion balance

Question 4

what hormones and enzymes are produced in the renal system?

Answer 4

renin
erythropoietin
1,25 - dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 5

how much of the cardiac output is in the kidneys?

Answer 5

~25%
filter and recirculate

Question 6

how long is the ureters?

Answer 6

25cm long
thick muscular walls are able to contract

Question 7

what is detrusor muscle?

Answer 7

smooth muscle remains relaxed to store urine

Question 8

what is the urethra?

Answer 8

tube that removed fluids from the body

Question 9

what is the urethral sphincter?

Answer 9

seals the urethra; external sphincter is striated muscle - voluntary control

Question 10

why are flip valves present in the bladder?

Answer 10

to prevent back flow of urine

Question 11

what is micturition controlled by?

Answer 11

both branches of the autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic (adrenoceptors)
- parasympathetic (cholinergic receptors)

Question 12

what is diffusion?

Answer 12

molecules diffusing from a high concentration to a low concentration (passive). lipophillic molecules can pass through the membrane

Question 13

what is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 13

protein transport which can move hydrophilic molecules through a membrane (down concentration gradient)

Question 14

what is an example primary active transport?

Answer 14

sodium potassium pump

Question 15

what is secondary active transport?

Answer 15

use of an electrochemical gradient across a plasma membrane as their energy source (doesn’t directly require ATP), a second solute (usually an ion) in the direction of the decreasing electrochemical

Question 16

what is co-transport?

Answer 16

occurs when solutes move in the same direction

Question 17

what is counterreception?

Answer 17

solutes move in the opposite direction

Question 18

what allows water molecules to pass the membrane?

Answer 18

aquaporins

Question 19

what is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 19

the liver

Question 20

where is the liver?

Answer 20

under the diaphragm, within the rib cage in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen

Question 21

what are the fibrous connective tissues capsule called in the liver?

Answer 21

glisson capsule

Question 22

what is the hepatic artery?

Answer 22

it brings nutrient “poor” and oxygen rich blood to the liver

Question 23

what is the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 23

brings nutrient rich and oxygen poor blood to the liver
- blood that may have already been through the GI tract - picks up substances that have been absorbed and brings it to the liver

Question 24

what is the vascular channel with low pressure that blood flows through to the liver

Answer 24

sinusoids (mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood)

Question 25

what kind of gland is the liver?

Answer 25

endocrine (secretes substances into circulation) exocrine (secretes substances via a duct into gut)

Question 26

what is the physiological function of insulin-like growth factor?

Answer 26

insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development

Question 27

what is the physiological function of angiotensinogen?

Answer 27

vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone (increased sodium absorption) from adrenal cortex

Question 28

what is the physiological function of thrombopoietin?

Answer 28

stimulated megakaryocytes to produce platelets

Question 29

what is the physiological function of hepcidin?

Answer 29

inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages

Question 30

how much bile is secreted?

Answer 30

600-1000ml/day

Question 31

where is bile stored?

Answer 31

gallbladder

Question 32

what is the composition of bile?

Answer 32

bile salts (cholesterol derivatives) phospholipids bile pigments (bilirubin) electrolytes

Question 33

what is the metabolic functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 33

- glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen from glucose) -glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) - gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates)

Question 34

what is the metabolic function of fat?

Answer 34

- oxidised triglycerides - synthesis of lipoproteins, fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phosphates

Question 35

what are metabolic function of protein?

Answer 35

- synthesis of non-essential amino acids - de animation and trans animation of aa’s - synthesis of urea from ammonia - synthesis of clotting factors

Question 36

what does the hepatic system store?

Answer 36

glycogen iron fat soluble vitamins A,D, B12, E and K

Question 37

what is excreted from the hepatic system?

Answer 37

- waste products from red blood cells via bile (bilirubin toxic waste product of haemoglobin) - cholesterol, hormones and drugs