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Foundations of Oral Health > Introduction to Radiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

X-Rays were discovered by

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentegen in November 1895

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2
Q

Early pioneers of X rays

A

Michael Faraday, Heinrich Giessler, Johann Hittorf, Sir WIlliam Crookes

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3
Q

Dr. Otto Walkoff

A
  • took first extraoral dental radiograph in December 1895
  • exposure took 25 minutes
  • wrapped glass photographic plate with black paper and rubber
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4
Q

Dr. Edumnd Kells

A

Took first intraoral radiograph

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5
Q

Dr. William Coolidge

A
  • developed “hot cathode”

- made tungsten ductile and used in the filament

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6
Q

Dr. William Rollins

A
  • developed guidelines for protection of patients
  • conducted studies on rats inducing erythema and death with x-radiation
  • warned Dr. Kells of dangers of x-rays
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7
Q

Radiology

A

Study or science of radiation as used in medicine and dentistry

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8
Q

Radiograph

A

record image produced by x-rays on photographic film

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9
Q

Film

A

Transparent material covered with photographic emulsion

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10
Q

Sensors/Detectors

A
  • sensors that act like film

- indirect and direct digital sensors

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11
Q

Direct digital sensor

A
  • solid state detector that detects remnant radiation from the patient
  • interpreted by the computer as various shades of grey dependent on the radiation detected
  • rement radiation is in turn dependent on the density of the tissues
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12
Q

Indirect digital sensors

A
  • photostimulable phospor (PSP) imaging plates which are thin and similar to x-ray film
  • no wires attached
  • plates produced a latent image which is then read by a laser in the computer
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13
Q

Exposure

A

Act of making or exposing a radiograph. Sensor or film is exposed to x-rays

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14
Q

X-Rays

A

high energy radiation produced by an x-ray tube

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15
Q

How are x-rays produced?

A
  • by bombarding a tungsten target (anode) with a stream of high velocity electrons
  • electrons are produced at the tungsten filament (cathode) and are propelled towards the anode at a different speed dependent on the electrical potential between the cathode and anode
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16
Q

Components of x-ray tube

A
  • cathode
  • anode
  • focal spot
17
Q

Cathode

A
  • filament of coiled tungsten that emits electrons when heated
  • “thermionic emission” which is the boiling off of electrons
  • focussing cup: negatively charged Molybdenum
18
Q

Anode

A

Tungsten target in copper stem

19
Q

Focal Spot

A

area within target where the electrons are directed. The smaller the focal spot, the better the sharpness of the image.

20
Q

What are the two types of radiation that can be produced?

A
  • Bremsstrahlung

- Characteristic

21
Q

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

A
  • braking radiation

- altered pathways of electrons

22
Q

Characteristic radiation

A
  • characteristic of atom that it interacts with

- knocks electron out of k-shell and photon replaces it to stabilize atom

23
Q

Spectrum of photon energies

A
  • characteristic around 69 and 59

- bremmsstrahlung around 35-40

24
Q

Controlling factors

A
  • kV
  • mA
  • Time
25
Q

kV

A
  • kilovoltage, controls speed of electrons from cathode to anode
  • kV controls the quality of the x-ray beam
  • higher kV= more penetrating power
26
Q

mA

A
  • milliamperage, controls number of electrons and hence the quantity of radiation produced. The higher the mA the darker the radiograph.
27
Q

Time

A

1 impulse= 1/60 second

28
Q

Radiographic Density

A
  • the degree of blackness on a radiograph
  • controlled by mA and time as expressed as Mas
  • is related to QUANTITY of x- radiation
29
Q

Radiographic Contrast

A
  • number of shades of gray on the radiograph
  • controlled by kV
  • High contrast= short scale and less shades of grey
  • Low contrast= long scale and lots of shades of gray.
  • Higher kVp causes increased energy in beam and higher penetrability
  • is related to Quality of radiation
30
Q

Contrast

A

Quality

31
Q

Density

A

Quantity

32
Q

How are images formed?

A
  • x-ray is emitted from the end of the cone
  • x-rays pass through the patient’s tissues
  • some x-rays are arrested in the tissues- those that are relatively dense
  • some x-rays pass through the tissues and hit the film/sensor
33
Q

How are images formed at the film/sensor?

A
  • x-rays hit the film/sensor producing varying shades of gray dependent on the amount of radiation to which the film/sensor is exposed.
  • a radiograph, therefore, is a black, gray, and white representation of the various densities of which the tissues are made
34
Q

Black images

A
  • areas on the radiograph where tissues are less sense (sinuses and pulp chambers)
  • these areas have allowed the x-ray to pass through and hit the film/sensor
  • radiolucent
35
Q

Common radiolucencies

A
  • PDL space
  • pulp canal
  • caries
  • sinus
36
Q

White images

A
  • correspond to dense areas in patient’s tissue (enamel and dentin)
  • These tissues stop x-rays from passing through and hitting the film/sensor (attenuation)
  • radiopaque
37
Q

Radiopacities

A
  • Enamel
  • Amalgam restoration
  • Dentin
38
Q

Enamel and Dentin have different densities

A
  • DEJ line

- Lamina Dura

Foundations of Oral Health (4 decks)

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