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Introduction to psychological Investigations Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 7 features of science

A 
objective
theoretical
empirical
rational
replicable
falsification
paradigm
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2
Q

objective

A

free from opinions

factual based

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3
Q

theoretical

A

to be theory based

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4
Q

empirical

A

to be based on evidence therefore its not just a theory

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5
Q

rational

A

to be logical - make sense consistent follows facts

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6
Q

replicable

A

to be able to make an exact copy of
so that the results are consistent and therefore reliable
guards against fruad

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7
Q

falsification

A

to prove a theory/hypothesis wrong by another theory

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8
Q

paradigm

A

something that psychology lacks

a general agreed followed principle understanding of a method

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9
Q

list the scientific process

A 
observations made
general truths/ theories to explain the observation
theories made about the observation
scientific predictions
hypothesis tested
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10
Q

what is peer review?

A

the process in which an article is assessed by people of the same field when submitting it for publication.

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11
Q

why is peer review important?

A

it helps make sure the article is of good quality
helps allocate research funding - to invest in establishing research projects that are most worthwhile
ensure relevance of the research
to suggest improvements/ amendments

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12
Q

single blind review research

A

single blind review research is where the participants in an investigation do not know the aim of the research conducted. This helps prevent any abnormal behaviour displayed when collecting evidence and also bias

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13
Q

double blind review research

A

the process in which neither the participant nor the researcher know the aim of the research being conducted
this helps ensure quality research that is not altered by bias when collecting results or abnormal behaviour within participants making the research as genuine and natural as possible to ensure authenticity of the research being conducted

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14
Q

Name the 7 BPS ethical guidelines

A 
informed consent
deception
protection from harm
privacy and confidentiality
withdrawal from an investigation
debrief
socially sensitive research
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15
Q

what is informed consent and how can this be overcome?

A

involves making participants aware that they are being studied. that they know about the aims of the research, the procedures , their right such as withdrawal and also what their data will be used for. Participants should then decide whether to partake in the research or not

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16
Q

what is deception and how can this be overcome?

A

deception is deliberately misleading or withholding information from participants. this can be overcome by again expressing the participant rights

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17
Q

what is protection from harm and how can this be overcome?

A

protection from harm is to do with both physical and psychological harm. this can be overcome by giving participants the right of withdrawal at any point and debriefing the participant

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18
Q

what is privacy and confidentiality and how can this be overcome?

A

keeping the participant data and not publishing anything personal - keeping them anonymous. this can be expressed in the consent letter where it should reassure participants that their data is safe

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19
Q

what is withdrawal from an investigation and how can this be overcome?

A

is having the right to leave the research at any point and your data collected not being used in the results of the study.

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20
Q

what is a debrief and how is does it work to ensure ethics?

A

a debrief is something that is done after an investigation where participants are told what the research was done for. again this helps reassure participants helping them leave the investigation with the same mindset they came in with

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21
Q

what is a socially sensitive research and how is does it work to ensure ethics?

A

socially sensitive research is research to do with sensitive topics such as race, gender or mental illness
privacy and confidentiality should be respected and the participants should be warned about the sensitive topic in the consent form and also should be reminded about their right of withdrawal

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22
Q

strengths and limitations of volunteer sampling :

A

easier to get participants

unrepresentative sample

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23
Q

strengths and limitations of stratified sampling :

A

avoids researcher bias

somewhat unrepresentative sample - cant reflect all the ways people are different

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24
Q

what is a naturalistic observation?

A

where observations take place in the setting or context the target behaviour would normally occur

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25
Q

what are the benefits of a naturalistic observation?

A

high external validity - the target are in its natural environment so the findings will be more valid as it will not be altered by abnormal behaviour

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26
Q

what are the disadv of a naturalistic observation?

A

replication would be difficult as there is no control over the research situation - you have a different environment
ethics can be questioned as the participants dont know they are being observed

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27
Q

what is controlled observation?

A

there is no control over the variables including manipulating environments

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28
Q

what are the benefits of a controlled observation?

A

replication can be done easily - control over behaviour in a way

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29
Q

what are the disadv of a controlled observation?

A

not in a naturalistic environment or situation - research may not be as valid

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30
Q

what is a participant observation?

A

where the observer becomes part of the target group to get a firsthand insight/account

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31
Q

what are the benefits of a participant observation?

A

more validity
increased insights of the experiments
comparisons between behaviour results can be made

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32
Q

what are the disadv of a participant observation?

A

objectivity may be lost - undetailed data
line between being a researcher and being a participant may be blurred
ethics - breach of privacy

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33
Q

what is a non-participant observation?

A

the observer is seperate from the targeted group

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34
Q

what are the benefits of a non-participant observation?

A

moe professional - less biased no breach of privacy

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35
Q

what are the disadv of a non-participant observation?

A

observations being made may be inaccurate due to the researcher having an outsider point of view. this could result in losing valuable insight

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36
Q

questionnaires benefits

A

cost and time effective - lots of data collected fast
can be distributed to a large number of people - wider range of data
little effort required - researcher does not need to be present
straightforward answers that can be assessed into patterns easily

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37
Q

questionnaires disadv

A

may not be truthful answers
limited answers not as detailed
social desirability can affect results
response bias - failing to read questions accurately

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38
Q

interview benefits

A

easy to replicate
ethical - no breach of privacy
easier to ask follow up questions and so easier to elaborate and explain

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39
Q

interview disadv

A

not as straightforward

feelings may affect accuracy of answers

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40
Q

what is correlational analysis?

A

to investigate the strength of a relationship between two variables

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41
Q

name the 4 ways of observation

A

naturalistic
controlled
participant
non-participant

42
Q

quantitative data is

A

is numerical data - something that gives an numerical answer

43
Q

qualitative data is

A

is worded - something that gives a worded answer

44
Q

what are the 5 ways of sampling

A 
random
opportunity
volunteer
stratified
systematic
45
Q

what is random sampling?

A

where the researcher selects participants randomly eg random name generator

46
Q

what is opportunity sampling?

A

where the researcher chooses a group of people available to them

47
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

where participants volunteer themselves

48
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

where the sample reflects equal proportions of sub - groups (strata) within the target population

49
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

involves selecting participants from a sampling frame at regular intervals

50
Q

strengths and limitations of random sampling :

A

unbiased equal chance

unrepresentative sample

51
Q

strengths and limitations of opportunity sampling :

A

easier
cost/time effective

unrepresentative if the sample is picked from a specific area - generalisations cannot be made

52
Q

strengths and limitations of systematic sampling :

A

avoids researcher bias
fairly representative

somewhat unrepresentative

53
Q

covert

A

participants unaware that they are being studied

54
Q

overt

A

participants are aware that they are being studied and have given their informed consent

55
Q

positive correlations

A

where one variable increases the other variable increases

56
Q

negative correlations

A

where one variable decreases the other variable decreases

57
Q

what are the 4 main reasons we have ethical guidelines

A

To protect the reputation of psychology
To build trust between the researcher and the participants
To protect participants
To further our understandings on human behaviour

58
Q

What are the three reasons breaching an ethical guideline can be justified by

A

if the research furthers our understanding of human behaviour
if the research predicts human behaviour
is the findings lead to effective treatment and/or positive social change

59
Q

variables

A

anything that can be controlled or measured

60
Q

examples of variables

A 
time
age 
lightening
stress levels
gender
height
weight
intelligence
61
Q

independent variables

A

the variable being tested by being changed/controlled and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable

62
Q

dependent variables

A

the variable being tested or measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable

63
Q

what does it mean to operationalise a variable?

A

to clearly define a variable in terms of how it can be measured
for example studying aggression by measuring shouting

64
Q

what is standardisation

A

using exactly the same formalised procedures for all participants in a research study

65
Q

extraneous variables are

A

Extraneous variables are all variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect the results of the experiment. The researcher wants to make sure that it is the manipulation of the independent variable that has an effect on the dependent variable.

66
Q

confounding variables are

A

A confounding variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study.

67
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

a lab experiment is one that is carried out in a highly controlled environment

68
Q

strengths of lab experiments

A

replicable - can be repeated to find the same or similar results

69
Q

weaknesses of lab experiments

A

artificial
lacks ecological validity - difficult to generalise results outside of the lab
demand characteristics may influence findings
consent deception may be needed

70
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

the researcher does not control the independent variable. they occur naturally

71
Q

what are the strengths of a natural experiment

A

reduced demand characteristics

ecological validity is improved

72
Q

what are the weaknesses of a natural experiment

A

difficult to control confounding variables
difficult to replicate
lackl of consent
confidentiality is breached

73
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

the

74
Q

what are the strengths of a quasi experiment

A

under controlled circumstances - can be repeated

75
Q

what are the weaknesses of a quasi experiment

A

demand characteristics

confidentiality and consent issues

76
Q

demand characteristics mean…

A

when participants deliberately changes their behaviour to act favorably for the researcher

77
Q

what type of variable is a demand characteristic

A

extraneous variable

78
Q

what are the three things that make an experiment an experiment

A

variables - IV and DV
having controlled variables
cause and effect established

79
Q

aim -

A

the purpose of your investigation

80
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction testable statement

81
Q

directional hypothesis

A

tells us the direction of the investigation - where the results are going. tells us the difference between the conditions.

82
Q

non - directional hypothesis

A

does not tell the direction of the experiment - tells us there will be a a difference but doesn’t tell us the difference

83
Q

null hypothesis

A

n

84
Q

what does it mean by experimental design?

A

what you want the participants to do - How you intend for the research to be carried out

the different ways in which the testing of participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions

85
Q

Name the 3 experimental designs

A

repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs

86
Q

what are the strengths of repeated measures

A

less participants are required compared to independent groups and matched pairs

87
Q

what are repeated measures?

A

Where the same participants are used in both conditions. The participants switch from taking part in condition A to condition B, where they experience both conditions

88
Q

what are the limitations of repeated measures?

A

order effects - such as demand characteristics may alter results
effects from previous condition may alter results acting as a variable

89
Q

what are three order effects

A

fatigue
boredom
practice

90
Q

How does counterbalancing overcome order effects?

A

Counterbalancing is a technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design. With counterbalancing, the participant sample is divided in half, with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order

91
Q

what are independent groups

A

when participants are randomly allocated into different conditions when partaking in the same research. Each participant only experiences one condition

92
Q

What are the strengths of using independent groups?

A

avoids bias
high internal validation
order effects dont influence

93
Q

what are the limitations of using independent groups?

A

personal characteristic difference between the participants in each condition may reduce results validity
more participants are needed

94
Q

what are matched pairs?

A

where participants are split into two conditions. Each participant in condition A are matched with another participant in condition B by their similarities as a person. An assumption is made in treating two participants as one. Therefore, each participant only experiences one condition.

95
Q

what are the strengths of using matched pairs?

A

order effects and demand characteristics dont influence findings

96
Q

what are the limitations of using matched pairs?

A

matching participants may require a pre - test and so it can be time consuming and finding good matches may be expensive

97
Q

Name 8 things that should be on a consent form

A

title of project
a clear statement on the purpose of the study
what participants will be asked to do
what data will be recorded
likely discomforts
anonymity and confidentiality assurance
withdrawal assurance
clear statement showing that the participant has read and understood what they are agreeing to
contact details for participants to discuss issues later

98
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

The IV is in a natural, more day setting

99
Q

what are the strengths of field experiments?

A

reduced demand characteristics

ecological validity is improved

100
Q

what are the limitations of field experiments?

A

difficult to control confounding variables
hard to replicate
consent and confidentiality issues

101
Q

when are non- directional hypothesis used?

A

when there is no previous research

or past research is unclear or contradictory

Psychology (3 decks)

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