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Intro to Healthcare > INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND HEALTH CARE > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND HEALTH CARE Flashcards

1
Q

an essential health care made universally acceptable to individuals and
families in the community by means acceptable to them through their full participation and at a cost that
the community and country and can afford at every stage of development.

A

Primary Health Care (PHC)

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2
Q

adopted resolution which decided that the main socialtarget of governments and of WHO should be the attainment by all the people of the world by the year
2000 a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life.

A

30th World Health Assembly (May 1977)

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3
Q

International Conference in PHC was held at

A

Alma Ata, USSR (Russia)

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4
Q

He issued Letter of Instruction (LOI)
949 which mandated the then Ministry of Health to adopt PHC as an approach towards design, development, and implementation of programs which focus health development at the community level.

A

Ferdinand Marcos

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5
Q

Ferdinand Marcos issued the Letter of Instruction on

A

October 19, 1979.

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6
Q

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

A

Health

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7
Q

a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centered on the needs and
preferences of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and
focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and wellbeing.

A

Primary Heatlh Care

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8
Q

Elements of Primary Health Care

A
  • Expanded Program of Immunization
  • Health Education
  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Nutrition
  • Provision of Essential Drugs
  • Safe and good waste disposal
  • Treatment of communicable and non-communicable disease
  • Treatment of locally endemic diseases
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9
Q

essential health
care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made
universally, accessible to individuals and families in the community by means of acceptable to
them, through their full participation and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.

A

PHC

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10
Q

Rationale of Primary Health care

A

▪ Magnitude of Health Problems
▪ Inadequate and unequal distribution of health resources
▪ Increasing cost of medical care
▪ Isolation of health care activities from other development activities

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11
Q

Rationale of Primary Health care

A

▪ Magnitude of Health Problems
▪ Inadequate and unequal distribution of health resources
▪ Increasing cost of medical care
▪ Isolation of health care activities from other development activities

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12
Q

ultimate goal of primary health care

A

better health for all.

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13
Q

five key elements to
achieving better health for all:

A

➢Reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms);
➢Organizing health services around people’s needs and expectations (service delivery reforms);
➢ Integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms);
➢ Pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms); and
➢ Increasing stakeholder participation.

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14
Q

Strategies of Primary Health Care

A
  • Elevating health to a comprehensive and sustained national effort
  • Promoting and supporting community managed health care
  • Increasing efficiency in health sector
  • Advancing essential national health research
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15
Q
  • Attaining health for all Filipinos will require expanding participation in health and health
    related programs whether as service provider or beneficiary. Empowerment to parents,
    families and communities to make decisions of their health is the desired outcome.

-Advocacy must be directed to national and local policy making to elicit support and
commitment to major health concerns through legislations, budgetary and logistical
considerations.

A

Elevating health to a comprehensive and sustained national effort

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16
Q

Health in the hands of the people brings the government closest to the people. It
necessitates a process of capacity building of communities and organization to plan,
implement and evaluate health programs at their levels.

A

Promoting and supporting community managed health care

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17
Q
  • Using appropriate technology will make services and resources required for their
    delivery, effective, affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable.

-Development of human resources must correspond to the actual needs of the nation
and the policies it upholds such as PHC.

  • The Department of Health (DOH) continue to support and assist both public and private
    institutions particularly in faculty development, enhancement of relevant curricula and development of standard teaching materials.
A

Increasing efficiency in health sector

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18
Q

Essential National Health Research (ENHR) is an integrated strategy for organizing and
managing research using intersectoral, multi-disciplinary and scientific approach to
health programming and delivery.

A

Advancing essential national health research

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19
Q

an integrated strategy for organizing and
managing research using intersectoral, multi-disciplinary and scientific approach to
health programming and delivery.

A

Essential National Health Research (ENHR)

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20
Q

The bibliographic citation for this definition is:

A

Preamble to the Constitution of WHO

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21
Q

A health system, also sometimes referred to as

A

health care system or as healthcare system,

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22
Q

the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.

A

health system

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23
Q

According to the _________, a well- functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately paid workforce, reliable information on which to base decisions and policies, and well-maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies.

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

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24
Q

is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment,
recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people.

A

Health care

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25
Q

Health care is delivered by health professionals in _______________.

A

allied health fields

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26
Q

part of these health professionals.

A

Physicians and physician
associates

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27
Q

consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote,
restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities. A

A

Health system

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28
Q

WHO has identified 3 main goals for health systems:

A

(1) Improving the health of populations

(2) Improving the responsiveness of the health system to the population it serves

(3) Fairness in financial contribution i.e. the extent to which the burden of paying for health system is fairly distributed across households.

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29
Q

5 components must contribute to overall health system attainment:

A
  1. Improving the responsiveness of the health system
  2. Improving the health of the population
  3. Minimizing difference in health between people
  4. Minimizing inequalities/disparities in responsiveness
  5. Fairness of financial contribution
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30
Q

more likely to engage in risky health-related behaviors and to experience higher rates of chronic
conditions and activity limitations.

A

The rural population

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31
Q

more likely to be uninsured for longer
periods of time, and are less likely than urban residents to receive some types of health care,
including tests for various chronic conditions.

A

Rural residents

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32
Q

Limited access to health care in rural areas is generally
associated with the fact that there are ________.

A

fewer providers

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33
Q

held international conference
in 1978 at Alma-Ata (USSR),the
governments of 134 countries and many
voluntary agencies called for a
revolutionary approach to healthcare.

A

WHO-UNICEF

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34
Q

called for acceptance of the WHO goal for Health for
All(HFA) by the year 2000 and proclaimed
primary health care as a way to achieving

A

Alma-Ata conference

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35
Q

HFA means

A

Health For All

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36
Q

promotive services

A
  • Health education
  • nutrition.
  • safe water & sanitation.
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37
Q

preventive services

A
  • Maternal & child health care.
  • Immunization
  • Prevention & control of locally endemic diseases.
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38
Q

curative care
services.

A
  • Provision of essential drugs.
  • treatment of common
    diseases & injuries.
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39
Q

to provide the rural
population in developing
countries with at least the
basic minimum of health
services.

A

concept of PHC

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40
Q

PHC principles

A

1- Equity in distribution.

2- Appropriate technology.

3- Multisectoral approach.

4- Community participation

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41
Q

1.Services to all

2.More services to needy & vulnerable

A

Equity

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42
Q

Health services must be shared
equally by all people irrespective of their ability to pay

A

Equitable Distribution

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43
Q

while continuing to provide essential
health care for all the population
irrespective of social, economical &
cultural preferences, extended care is
to be provided to the ________________
groups in the community either within
the health centers or by referral from
the health centers to a higher level of care

A

“high risk”

44
Q

Involvement of individuals,
families, & communities in
promotion of their own health and welfare

A

Community PArticipation

45
Q

A continuing effort to secure meaningful
involvement of the community in:

A

Planning.

Implementation.

Maintenance of health services.

Evaluation of health services.

46
Q

Maximum reliance on local resources such as:

A

Manpower.

Money.

Materials.

47
Q

There is an increased realization of
the fact that the components of
PHC cannot be provided by the health sector alone

A
  1. Intersectoral coordination
48
Q

technology that is
scientifically sound, adaptable to local
needs, & acceptable to those who
apply it & those for whom it is used, &
that can be maintained by the people
themselves in keeping with the
principle of self reliance with the
resources the community & country can afford

A
  1. Appropriate Technology
49
Q

Health technologies are required not
only for:

Diagnostic maneuvers.

Therapeutic maneuvers.

But also for:

A

Disease prevention.

Disease control.

Health promotion

50
Q

Though it is commonly perceived that person who is
going to apply it is a trained health professional, in
PHC practice there are instance where technology may applied by

A

Individual.

Family.

Community.

51
Q

Illness (or sickness) is called

A

Disease

52
Q

For maintaining a good health, the following conditions are essential

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Exercise and Rest
  3. Good Habits
53
Q

Determinants of health

A
  • Heredity
  • Environmental
  • Behavior
    _ Health services
54
Q

Physical, social, biological and man-made

A

Environmental

55
Q

Actions
❖ Habits
❖ Reactions
❖ Belief,
attitudes
❖ Practices
(Lifestyles)

A

Behavior

56
Q

Promotive,
preventive,
curative,
rehabilitative

A

Health services

57
Q

considered to be the most important
determinant and input of health.

A

Environment

58
Q

2 parts of environment

A

a.)external factors
b.) internal factors

59
Q

Physical aspects of environment like
Air, water, light, heat, radiation, gravity,
pressure, and chemical agents etc.

❖man tries a great deal to control these factors.

A

external factors

60
Q

➢ Infectious agents of
diseases(tuberculosis,hepatitis B)
➢ reservoirs of infective agents(habitat in which
the agent normally lives, grows, and
multiplies inludes humans, animals and
environment)
➢ vectors that transmit diseases, plants and
animals.(mosquitos,ticks,triatomine
bugs,sandflies, and blackflies)

A

Biological causes

61
Q

➢ housing
➢Transport
➢Industries
➢communication
“artificial environment “

A

Man made environment

62
Q

defined “as a state of well being in which the individual realized his or her own abilities

A

Mental health/Behavior

63
Q

➢ability to mix up with others
➢balanced manner
➢observes adequate personal hygiene
➢Unduly not suspicious of others

A

Behavior

64
Q

includes inter-relation
➢Interaction of human beings
➢ability of a person to adjust with
others in his social life, at home, at work
place and with people.

A

Social wellbeing

65
Q

Social wellbeing can be measured on
scale by taking in to consideration of
indicators like income, literacy and
occupation

A

Heredity

66
Q

➢physically fit
➢Adequate body
weight

A

Practices lifestyles

67
Q

a fundamental human right.
The attainment of highest possible
level of health is the most important world
wide social goal.

A

Health

68
Q

process of enabling
people to increase control over

A

Promotive

69
Q

prophylaxis

A

Preventive

70
Q

physician,healthcare
practitioners,surgery,medications and
therapies

A

Curative

71
Q

=core health service
(Availability,AccessibilityAffordability,acceptability of
health services)

A

Rehabilitative

72
Q

“without ease” (uneasiness)
➢ is defined as a condition that is
diagnosed by a physician or other
medical expert

A

Disease

73
Q

A disorder of structure or function in
a human, animal, or plant, especially
one that produces specific sign or
symptoms or that affects a specific
location and is not simply a direct
result of physical injury.

A

Disease

74
Q

Lack of various minerals and vitamins in our food brings various diseases.

Disease caused by malnutrition

A

Deficiency Disease

75
Q

also known as “edematous
malnutrition” because of its association
with edema (fluid retention), is a nutritional
disorder most often seen in regions
experiencing famine.

It is a form of
malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in
the diet.

A

Kwashiorkor

76
Q

a form of severe
malnutrition

A

Marasumus

77
Q

defined as the ill health the person
identifies themselves with, often based
on self reported mental or physical
symptoms

A

Illness

78
Q

the state of being ill

A

sickness

79
Q

Night Blindness

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

80
Q

Bery-bery

A

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

81
Q

Cracking of skin

A

Vitamin B2 Deficiency

82
Q

Anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

83
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C Deficiency

84
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D Deficiency

85
Q

Sterility

A

Vitamin E Deficiency

86
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

87
Q

Vitamin k is also known as

A

Phytomenadion

88
Q

Refers to the course of a disease over a
period of time, unaffected by treatment.

A

Natural History of Disease

89
Q

_______ occurrence is usually insidious
➢ Chronic diseases evolve over a long period and
have their own progression.

A

Disease

90
Q

Stages of diseases

A
  1. Stage of susceptibility
  2. Stage of pre-symptomatic disease
  3. Stage of clinical disease
  4. Stage of terminations
  5. Stage of sequels
91
Q

Risk factors that favors the occurrence of a
disease are operating in this stage.
During this stage the person remains free of clinical
diseases

A

Stage of susceptibility

92
Q

Three important factors
➢ Host
➢ agent
➢ environment interact to initiate pathogenic
changes that is adequate to cause a disease.

Still the disease does not clinically manifest.

A

Stage of pre-symptomatic disease

93
Q

signs and symptoms develop
➢ During this stage a disease can be sub
classified in to its own severity grades.

A

Stage of clinical disease

94
Q

Disease terminates and follow the following
trend

A

Stage of terminations

95
Q

something that takes place after or a
result of an earlier event.

A

Sequels

96
Q

Disease may extinct but aftermath remains
may be an impairment is left.

A

Stage of sequels

97
Q

Stages of Cancer

A

I. Localized
II. Local Lymph nodes are involved
III. Involvement of other organs within the same region
IV. Distant metastases

98
Q

Sequence of events in disease

A

Disease Impairment Disability Handicap

99
Q

“Any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or function”.

e.g. Loss of foot, defective vision, mental retardation.

A

Impairment

100
Q

“Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within or within the range
considered normal for a human being”.

A

Disability

101
Q

Definite disadvantages for a given individual
resulting from an impairment or a disability that
limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is
normal for him/her depending on his/her age,
sex, social and cultural factors or for that
individual.

A

Handicap

102
Q

Accident
Loss of foot
Cannot walk
Unemployed

A

Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap

103
Q

Reducing exclusion and social disparities in health

A

Universal coverage reforms

104
Q

Organizing health services around people’s needs and expectations

A

Service delivery reforms

105
Q

Integrating health into all sectors

A

Public policy reforms

106
Q

Pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue

A

Leadership reform

Intro to Healthcare (3 decks)

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