Introduction to Political Science Flashcards
Highland Community College
a system of government where national and state government’s share sovereignty
federal sysetm
confederation
system of government where state governments are sobering, and the national government can only do what the states permit
powers of federal goverment
subject to Article V of the constitution, deciding on how amendments will be handled
declaring war
maintaining and deploying military forces
making foreign policy, international treaties, and trade deals
printing of money
idea that the federal and state governments share power in many policy areas
cooperative federalism
dual federation
doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, that states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate
blanket primary
a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties
24th President
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
25th President
William McKinley (1897-1901)
Qualifications to be a senator
30 years of age (when seated, not elected)
citizen of the United States for 9 years
must live in the state from which elected
The popularly elected president is
an american invention, an our nation is one of the few democracies that have elected presidents
people of all religions who attend worship services regularly are more likely to vote
Democrat
federalism
government authority shared by national and local governments
section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws ‘necessary and proper’ to its duties
necessary and proper clause
due process of law
denies the government the right, without due process to deprive people of life, liberty, and property
Which amendment prevented a poll tax from being charged in order to vote
24th amendment
Constitution requires that the president be at least how old
35 years old
Which amendment outlines when the terms of the president, vice president, senators, and representatives end and their successors begin
20th amendment
Which amendment repealed prohibition?
21st amendment
Which Article outlines the amendment process
5th
Which article in the constitution outlines the role of judiciary
3rd
Which amendment in the constitution protects your right to bare arms
2nd Amendment
Which amendment gave women the right to vote
19th amendment
a benefit that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion
progressive
district courts
the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be only held here
waiver
a decision by an administrative agency granting some other party permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it
Wall of seperation
court ruling that government cannot be involved with religon
When was the Department of Homeland Security established?
2002
In Federalist paper No. 78, Alexander Hamilton described the supreme court as
the least dangerous branch
pork barrel legislation
legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning thier votes in return
positional issues
issues in which rival candidates have opposing views and that also divide voters
power
the ability of one person t get another person to act in accordance with the first persons intention
Arizona v United States
2012
only the federal government may regulate immigration laws and enforcement
Separate but equal doctrine
the doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities
Marginal districts
districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections (typically, less than 55 percent of the vote)
simple resolution
An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body
Conference committee
Joint committees appointed to resolve differences in the senate and house version of the same bill
Red tape
Complex bureaucratic rules and producers that must be followed to get something done
Oliver Ellsworth
2nd chief justice of the supreme court
appointed by Washington
served 1796-1800
2nd chief justice of the Supreme Court
Oliver Ellsworth
civil liberites
rights to be free of government interference accosted to an indvidual by the constitution
Sedition Act of 1798
declared to write, utter, or publish “any false, scandalous, and malicious writing’ with intent of defaming the president, congress, or the government, or of exciting against the government” “the hatred of the people” is a crime
Kelo v City of New London
2005
the constitution allows the local government to seize property, not only for ‘public use’ such as building highways, but also to ‘promote economic development in a ‘distressed community’
Alden v Maine
1999
Congress may not act to subject non-consenting states to lawsuits in state courts
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad v Illinois
1886
The states may not regulate interstate commerce
Gibbons v Ogeden
1824
Constituions commerce clause gives the national government exclusive powers to regulate interstate commerce
Power of government
Ratifying amendments to the constitution through state legislature
conducting elections for public office
establishing local government
regulating interstate commerce
19th Amendment
The ___ amendment may clear that no state may deny the right to vote based on sex
national chair
day to day party manager declared by the national committee
conditions of aid
terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds
McCulloch v Maryland
1819
the constitutions ‘necessary and proper clause; clause permits congress to take action when it is essential to a power that congress has
Unitary system
system of government where sovereignty is fully vested in the national government, but not the states
selective incorporation process
the process whereby the Court has applied, most but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights to the states
authorization legislation
legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency
fedearl question cases
cases concerning the constitution, federal laws or treaties
white primary
practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation
21st President
Chester A Arthur
(1881-1885)
majority leader
legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the senate
national committee
delegates who run party affairs between national conventions
a person treating the US flag contemptuously is
protected by the right to exercise free speech
Martin v Hunter’s Lessee
Supreme Court ruled that the Court can review the decisions of the highest state courts if they involve a federal law or the federal constitution
Department of Agriculture
created in 1862
purpose to help farmers
there are 94 ____ in the federal judiciary
district courts
Which amendment outlines the line of succession for the president of the United States
25th Amendment
Which amendment ratified prohibition and prohibited the sale of alcohol
18th amendment
presidents are now limited to two terms by the
22nd amendment
In order to win the presidency today, a candidate must win how many electoral votes
270
26th amendment
which amendment lowered the right to vote to 18
Which amendment placed a two term limit on the presidency
22nd amenedment
A bill is passed to the president of action while congress is still in session. After 10 days they still have not approved it. What happens to the bill?
It becomes law
When using the term ‘elite’, social scientists are referring to
people who have some valued resource - such as money, schooling, prestige, or political power
responsible for regulating radio and television broadcasting
Federal Communications Commission
In most stats, candidates for office are chosen by
Primary elections
political machines
a party organization that recruit’s members by dispensing patronage
Gibbons v Ogden
the states my not regulate interstate commerce
The first real test of candidate vying for the nomination comes in
Iowa
procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adapted by the legislature
referendum
belief that every American has the freedom to pursue a better life
American Dream
when were the articles of confederation adopted
1781
in a confederation, the national government derives its power from
the states
activities by which an issue is agitated or settled as __
politics
authority mean
right to use power
Outcome of Marshall’s ruling in McCulloch v Maryland (1819) was to
Confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to congress
process by which personal and other background traits influence one’s view about politics and governments
political socializatioon
In the Virginia Military Institute case, the Supreme Court required ___ for single sex marriage
Exceedingly persuasive justification
What is the strongest predicator of voting behavior in the US
Party identification
If properly conducted, a survey of public opinion can capture opinions of 300 million citizens by interview as few as ___ respondents
1,500
which president`\ faced the Bay of Pigs crisis
John Kennedy
lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts
bicameral legislature
If any given voter has an equal chance of being in a survey, the sample is best described as a ___ sample
random
party leaders are elected officials who became delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucus
super delegates
invisible primary
process by which candidates try to attract the support of key party leaders before an election begins
limit national parities can donate to candidate in federal elections
$5,000 per candidate per election
National convention
meeting of party delegates held every four, years which nominates the party’s candidate for president
qualifications to be president
be a natural born citizen
35 years old
resident of the United States for at least 14 years
congressional campaign committee
party committee in congress that provides funds to members and would be members
national chairs
day to day party manager elected by the national committee
17th president
Andrew Johnson
(1865- 1869)
32nd President
Franklin D Roosevelt
(1933-1945)
intermediate scrutiny
since 1970s, Supreme Court has tended to apply this judicial standard to cases of gender discrimination
People who have some valued resource, such as money, schooling, prestige, or political party
when using the term ‘elite’, social scientists are referring to
political socialization
the process by which personal and other background traits influence one’s views about politics and government
partisan identification
voters long tern, stable attachment to one of the political parties
The Liberal Daily Kos and the Conservative Power Line are examples of
blogs
only ___ of adults under 30 read a newspaper
13 percent
exit polls are conducted
on election day at polling places
the first major studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, found that
a small group of Americans were informed, but most americans were not
Term yellow journalism was coined to describe media sensationalism in what area
turn of the century
gerrymandering
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party
when it comes to the freedom of the press, the first amendment has been interpreted as meaning that no government, federal or state, can
place ‘prior restraints’ on the press except under very narrowly defined circumstances
much of what is on the internet comes from newspapers
true
Since the 1980’s, broadcasting license are automatically renewed unless
some community group formally objects
originally presidential candidates were chosen by
congressional caucus
elements of american political system
liberty
equality
democracy
civic duty
individual responsibility
civil society
voluntary action that makes cooperation easier
belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion
progressive
18th president
Ulysses S Grant
(1869-1877)
the distrust of political authority so evident in American political culture has its basis in
religious beliefs
During the 1730’s to 1740’s, the political idea of the American Colonies were transformed by
a religious revivalist, movement, called the first great awakening
basic elements of the US political culture
liberty
democracy
indiviualism
civic duty
the notion that individual should work hard, save their money and avoid dependence on the state is sometimes referred to as
protestant (work) ethic
for the founders, federalism was a device to
protect personal liberty
under the articles of the confederation, amendmets had to
be supported by all 13 states
In United States v. Morrison, the supreme court ruled that violence against women
did not substantially affect interstate commerce
How did Aristotle define democracy
Rule of Many
requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote
literacy test
due process of law
denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property
The presidents use of prestige and visibility to guide or mobilize the American public
bully pulpit
How many vetos did Washington cast?
Two
elite
person who posses a discorporate share of some valued resource, such as money, prestige, or expertise
concurring opinion
signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons
activist approach
the view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances
George Washingtons Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson
laissez faire
economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce
australian ballot
government printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public
judge’s order authorizing a search
search warrant
requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
poll tax
survey of public opinion
poll
activity by which an issue is agitated or settled
politics
censorship of a publication
prior restraint
public opinion
how people think or feel about particular things
something of value that all individuals share, whether or not they contribute to it
public good
legitimacy
political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constituion
concurrent resolution
an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and Senate, but not the president
15th amendment
adopted in 1870
stated that ‘the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude’
literacy test
requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
in the Federalist paper NO. 79, Alexander Hamilton described the Supreme Court as
the lest dangerous branch
there are ____ members of the Senate and ____ members of the House
100, 435
compared to the print media, the electronic media are
more competitive and more strictly regulated
miranda rights
a person must be informed of what rights when being arrested
voting eligible population
VEP
citizens who have reached the minimum age to be eligible to vote excluding those who are not legally permitted to vote
suspect classification
classification of people based on their race or ethnicity
in ____, the Supreme Court held that congress could not require local police officers to conduct background checks on all gun purchases because doing so would violate the 10th aemendment
Printz v United States
29th president
Warren G Harding
(1921-1923)
33rd President
Harry S Truman
(1945-1953)
35th President
John F Kennedy (1961-1963)
What states conduct their elections completely by mail
Washington
Oregon
Colorado
remedy
a judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong
pork barrel legislation
legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return
roll call vote
congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering ‘yea’ or ‘nay’ to their names
cloture rule
rule used by the senate to end or limit debate
riders
amendments on matter unrelated to a bill so that they will ‘ride’ to passage through the Congress. When a bill has many riders it is called a Christmas Tree Bill
discretionary authority
the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies not spelled out in advance by laws
exclusionary rule
improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial
open rule
an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floorqu
quorum
the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
Bill of Rights has come to apply to the states through the interoperation of
14th Amendment
Conflicts in civil liberties often arise because
the Bill of Rights lists several competing rigths
slander differs from libel in that libel is that it refers to
oral statements
political ideology
more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue
legislative courts
courts created by congress for specialized purposes, who judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution
written defamation of character is known as
libel
devolution
transfer of power from the national government to state and local government
cabinet
heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government
Group that raises and spends unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, and individual’s but cannot coordinate its actives with campaigns in any way
Super PAC
party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
super delegate
the person already holding an elective office
incumbent
prospective voting
when a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considered more likely to do a better job in office
primary election
an election held to choose candidates for office
38th President
Gerald R Ford
(1974-1977)
Committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from the voluntary donations
political action committee
substantive representation
ability of citizens to elect officials who will enact into law politics that the citizens favor
invisible primary
process by which candidates try to attract the support of key party leaders before an election begins
in forma pauperis
method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge
discharge petition
device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for 30 days, may petition to have it brought to the floor
political party
group that seeks to elect candidates to public office