Introduction to Political Science Flashcards
Highland Community College
1
Q
a system of government where national and state government’s share sovereignty
A
federal sysetm
2
Q
confederation
A
system of government where state governments are sobering, and the national government can only do what the states permit
3
Q
powers of federal goverment
A
subject to Article V of the constitution, deciding on how amendments will be handled
declaring war
maintaining and deploying military forces
making foreign policy, international treaties, and trade deals
printing of money
4
Q
idea that the federal and state governments share power in many policy areas
A
cooperative federalism
5
Q
dual federation
A
doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, that states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate
6
Q
blanket primary
A
a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties
7
Q
24th President
A
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
8
Q
25th President
A
William McKinley (1897-1901)
9
Q
Qualifications to be a senator
A
30 years of age (when seated, not elected)
citizen of the United States for 9 years
must live in the state from which elected
10
Q
The popularly elected president is
A
an american invention, an our nation is one of the few democracies that have elected presidents
11
Q
people of all religions who attend worship services regularly are more likely to vote
A
Democrat
12
Q
federalism
A
government authority shared by national and local governments
13
Q
section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws ‘necessary and proper’ to its duties
A
necessary and proper clause
14
Q
due process of law
A
denies the government the right, without due process to deprive people of life, liberty, and property
15
Q
Which amendment prevented a poll tax from being charged in order to vote
A
24th amendment
16
Q
Constitution requires that the president be at least how old
A
35 years old
17
Q
Which amendment outlines when the terms of the president, vice president, senators, and representatives end and their successors begin
A
20th amendment
18
Q
Which amendment repealed prohibition?
A
21st amendment
19
Q
Which Article outlines the amendment process
A
5th
20
Q
Which article in the constitution outlines the role of judiciary
A
3rd
21
Q
Which amendment in the constitution protects your right to bare arms
A
2nd Amendment
22
Q
Which amendment gave women the right to vote
A
19th amendment
23
Q
a benefit that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion
A
progressive
24
Q
district courts
A
the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be only held here
25
waiver
a decision by an administrative agency granting some other party permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it
26
Wall of seperation
court ruling that government cannot be involved with religon
27
When was the Department of Homeland Security established?
2002
28
In Federalist paper No. 78, Alexander Hamilton described the supreme court as
the least dangerous branch
29
pork barrel legislation
legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning thier votes in return
30
positional issues
issues in which rival candidates have opposing views and that also divide voters
31
power
the ability of one person t get another person to act in accordance with the first persons intention
32
Arizona v United States
2012
only the federal government may regulate immigration laws and enforcement
33
Separate but equal doctrine
the doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities
34
Marginal districts
districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections (typically, less than 55 percent of the vote)
35
simple resolution
An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body
36
Conference committee
Joint committees appointed to resolve differences in the senate and house version of the same bill
37
Red tape
Complex bureaucratic rules and producers that must be followed to get something done
38
Oliver Ellsworth
2nd chief justice of the supreme court
appointed by Washington
served 1796-1800
39
2nd chief justice of the Supreme Court
Oliver Ellsworth
40
civil liberites
rights to be free of government interference accosted to an indvidual by the constitution
41
Sedition Act of 1798
declared to write, utter, or publish "any false, scandalous, and malicious writing' with intent of defaming the president, congress, or the government, or of exciting against the government" "the hatred of the people" is a crime
42
Kelo v City of New London
2005
the constitution allows the local government to seize property, not only for 'public use' such as building highways, but also to 'promote economic development in a 'distressed community'
43
Alden v Maine
1999
Congress may not act to subject non-consenting states to lawsuits in state courts
44
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad v Illinois
1886
The states may not regulate interstate commerce
45
Gibbons v Ogeden
1824
Constituions commerce clause gives the national government exclusive powers to regulate interstate commerce
46
Power of government
Ratifying amendments to the constitution through state legislature
conducting elections for public office
establishing local government
regulating interstate commerce
47
19th Amendment
The ___ amendment may clear that no state may deny the right to vote based on sex
48
national chair
day to day party manager declared by the national committee
49
conditions of aid
terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds
50
McCulloch v Maryland
1819
the constitutions 'necessary and proper clause; clause permits congress to take action when it is essential to a power that congress has
51
Unitary system
system of government where sovereignty is fully vested in the national government, but not the states
52
selective incorporation process
the process whereby the Court has applied, most but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights to the states
53
authorization legislation
legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency
54
fedearl question cases
cases concerning the constitution, federal laws or treaties
55
white primary
practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation
56
21st President
Chester A Arthur
(1881-1885)
57
majority leader
legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the senate
58
national committee
delegates who run party affairs between national conventions
59
a person treating the US flag contemptuously is
protected by the right to exercise free speech
60
Martin v Hunter's Lessee
Supreme Court ruled that the Court can review the decisions of the highest state courts if they involve a federal law or the federal constitution
61
Department of Agriculture
created in 1862
purpose to help farmers
62
there are 94 ____ in the federal judiciary
district courts
63
Which amendment outlines the line of succession for the president of the United States
25th Amendment
64
Which amendment ratified prohibition and prohibited the sale of alcohol
18th amendment
65
presidents are now limited to two terms by the
22nd amendment
66
In order to win the presidency today, a candidate must win how many electoral votes
270
67
26th amendment
which amendment lowered the right to vote to 18
68
Which amendment placed a two term limit on the presidency
22nd amenedment
69
A bill is passed to the president of action while congress is still in session. After 10 days they still have not approved it. What happens to the bill?
It becomes law
70
When using the term 'elite', social scientists are referring to
people who have some valued resource - such as money, schooling, prestige, or political power
71
responsible for regulating radio and television broadcasting
Federal Communications Commission
71
In most stats, candidates for office are chosen by
Primary elections
72
political machines
a party organization that recruit's members by dispensing patronage
73
Gibbons v Ogden
the states my not regulate interstate commerce
73
The first real test of candidate vying for the nomination comes in
Iowa
74
procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adapted by the legislature
referendum
75
belief that every American has the freedom to pursue a better life
American Dream
76
when were the articles of confederation adopted
1781
77
in a confederation, the national government derives its power from
the states
78
activities by which an issue is agitated or settled as __
politics
79
authority mean
right to use power
80
Outcome of Marshall's ruling in McCulloch v Maryland (1819) was to
Confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to congress
81
process by which personal and other background traits influence one's view about politics and governments
political socializatioon
82
In the Virginia Military Institute case, the Supreme Court required ___ for single sex marriage
Exceedingly persuasive justification
83
What is the strongest predicator of voting behavior in the US
Party identification
84
If properly conducted, a survey of public opinion can capture opinions of 300 million citizens by interview as few as ___ respondents
1,500
85
which president`\ faced the Bay of Pigs crisis
John Kennedy
86
lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts
bicameral legislature
87
If any given voter has an equal chance of being in a survey, the sample is best described as a ___ sample
random
88
party leaders are elected officials who became delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucus
super delegates
89
invisible primary
process by which candidates try to attract the support of key party leaders before an election begins
90
limit national parities can donate to candidate in federal elections
$5,000 per candidate per election
91
National convention
meeting of party delegates held every four, years which nominates the party's candidate for president
92
qualifications to be president
be a natural born citizen
35 years old
resident of the United States for at least 14 years
93
congressional campaign committee
party committee in congress that provides funds to members and would be members
94
national chairs
day to day party manager elected by the national committee
95
17th president
Andrew Johnson
(1865- 1869)
96
32nd President
Franklin D Roosevelt
(1933-1945)
97
intermediate scrutiny
since 1970s, Supreme Court has tended to apply this judicial standard to cases of gender discrimination
98
People who have some valued resource, such as money, schooling, prestige, or political party
when using the term 'elite', social scientists are referring to
99
political socialization
the process by which personal and other background traits influence one's views about politics and government
100
partisan identification
voters long tern, stable attachment to one of the political parties
101
The Liberal Daily Kos and the Conservative Power Line are examples of
blogs
102
only ___ of adults under 30 read a newspaper
13 percent
103
exit polls are conducted
on election day at polling places
104
the first major studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, found that
a small group of Americans were informed, but most americans were not
105
Term yellow journalism was coined to describe media sensationalism in what area
turn of the century
106
gerrymandering
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party
107
when it comes to the freedom of the press, the first amendment has been interpreted as meaning that no government, federal or state, can
place 'prior restraints' on the press except under very narrowly defined circumstances
108
much of what is on the internet comes from newspapers
true
109
Since the 1980's, broadcasting license are automatically renewed unless
some community group formally objects
110
originally presidential candidates were chosen by
congressional caucus
111
elements of american political system
liberty
equality
democracy
civic duty
individual responsibility
112
civil society
voluntary action that makes cooperation easier
113
belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion
progressive
114
18th president
Ulysses S Grant
(1869-1877)
115
the distrust of political authority so evident in American political culture has its basis in
religious beliefs
116
During the 1730's to 1740's, the political idea of the American Colonies were transformed by
a religious revivalist, movement, called the first great awakening
117
basic elements of the US political culture
liberty
democracy
indiviualism
civic duty
118
the notion that individual should work hard, save their money and avoid dependence on the state is sometimes referred to as
protestant (work) ethic
119
for the founders, federalism was a device to
protect personal liberty
120
under the articles of the confederation, amendmets had to
be supported by all 13 states
121
In United States v. Morrison, the supreme court ruled that violence against women
did not substantially affect interstate commerce
122
How did Aristotle define democracy
Rule of Many
123
requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote
literacy test
124
due process of law
denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property
125
The presidents use of prestige and visibility to guide or mobilize the American public
bully pulpit
126
How many vetos did Washington cast?
Two
127
elite
person who posses a discorporate share of some valued resource, such as money, prestige, or expertise
128
concurring opinion
signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons
129
activist approach
the view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances
130
George Washingtons Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson
131
laissez faire
economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce
132
australian ballot
government printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public
133
judge's order authorizing a search
search warrant
134
requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
poll tax
135
survey of public opinion
poll
136
activity by which an issue is agitated or settled
politics
137
censorship of a publication
prior restraint
138
public opinion
how people think or feel about particular things
139
something of value that all individuals share, whether or not they contribute to it
public good
140
legitimacy
political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constituion
141
concurrent resolution
an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and Senate, but not the president
142
15th amendment
adopted in 1870
stated that 'the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude'
143
literacy test
requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
144
in the Federalist paper NO. 79, Alexander Hamilton described the Supreme Court as
the lest dangerous branch
145
there are ____ members of the Senate and ____ members of the House
100, 435
146
compared to the print media, the electronic media are
more competitive and more strictly regulated
147
miranda rights
a person must be informed of what rights when being arrested
148
voting eligible population
VEP
citizens who have reached the minimum age to be eligible to vote excluding those who are not legally permitted to vote
149
suspect classification
classification of people based on their race or ethnicity
150
in ____, the Supreme Court held that congress could not require local police officers to conduct background checks on all gun purchases because doing so would violate the 10th aemendment
Printz v United States
151
29th president
Warren G Harding
(1921-1923)
152
33rd President
Harry S Truman
(1945-1953)
153
35th President
John F Kennedy (1961-1963)
154
What states conduct their elections completely by mail
Washington
Oregon
Colorado
155
remedy
a judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong
156
pork barrel legislation
legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return
157
roll call vote
congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering 'yea' or 'nay' to their names
158
cloture rule
rule used by the senate to end or limit debate
159
riders
amendments on matter unrelated to a bill so that they will 'ride' to passage through the Congress. When a bill has many riders it is called a Christmas Tree Bill
160
discretionary authority
the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies not spelled out in advance by laws
161
exclusionary rule
improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial
162
open rule
an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floorqu
163
quorum
the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
164
Bill of Rights has come to apply to the states through the interoperation of
14th Amendment
165
Conflicts in civil liberties often arise because
the Bill of Rights lists several competing rigths
166
slander differs from libel in that libel is that it refers to
oral statements
167
political ideology
more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue
168
legislative courts
courts created by congress for specialized purposes, who judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution
169
written defamation of character is known as
libel
170
devolution
transfer of power from the national government to state and local government
171
cabinet
heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government
172
Group that raises and spends unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, and individual's but cannot coordinate its actives with campaigns in any way
Super PAC
173
party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
super delegate
174
the person already holding an elective office
incumbent
175
prospective voting
when a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considered more likely to do a better job in office
176
primary election
an election held to choose candidates for office
177
38th President
Gerald R Ford
(1974-1977)
178
Committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from the voluntary donations
political action committee
179
substantive representation
ability of citizens to elect officials who will enact into law politics that the citizens favor
180
invisible primary
process by which candidates try to attract the support of key party leaders before an election begins
181
in forma pauperis
method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge
182
discharge petition
device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for 30 days, may petition to have it brought to the floor
183
political party
group that seeks to elect candidates to public office
184
concurrent resolution
an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate, but not the president
185
iron triangle
close relationship between between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group
186
discharge petition
device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for 30 days, may petition to have it brought to the floor
187
safe district
districts in which incumbents win by a comfortable margin
188
Political Action Committees
committees set up by a corporation, labor union, or interset group that rasie and spend campaign money from voluntary donations
189
independent expenditures
spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions to help a party or candidate but done independent from the party or candidate
190
judicial restraint approach
view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the constitution
191
McCulloch v Maryland
1819
ruled that creating a federal bank, though not mentioned in the Consittuion, was a 'necessary and proper' exercise of the governments right to borrow money
192
parisanship
individual identification with a party; whether they consider themsleves a Democrat, Republican or Indent pent
193
Which amendment protects you against unlawful searches and seizures
4th Amendment
194
standing committees
presently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area
195
open primary
primary election where all voters (regardless of party membership) may vote for the party's nominee
196
legislative courts
courts created by congress for specialized purposes, whose judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution
197
courts of appeals
federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials
198
coattails
the alleged tendency of candidates to win more voters in an election because of the province at the top of the ticket of a better known candidate, such as the president
199
200
There have only been ___ chief justices of the United States Supreme Court
17
201
brief
written statement by an attorney that summarizes a case and the laws and rulings that support it
202
Diversity cases
cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal court
203
Impressionable years hypothesis
argument that political experiences during the teens and early 20s powerfully shape attributes for the rest of the life cycle
204
a legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit
standing
205
an act that conveys a political message
symbolic speech
206
since 1992, a member of clergy offering a prayer or an invocation at a public school graduation ceremony is
Lee v Weisman
207
Joint committees
committees on which both senators and representatives serve
208
caucus
association of congressional members created to advance a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest
209
vote where most democrats are on one side of the bill, and most republicans are on the other
party vote
210
speaker
presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of his or her party in the House
211
committee clearance
ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law
212
44th president
Barack Obama
(2009-2017)
213
closed primary
primary election where only registered party members may vote for the partys nominee
214
bureaucratic view
view that the government is dominated by appointed officials
215
How did Aristotle define democracy?
Rule of Many
216
1963, publican of ___ by Betty Friedan strengthened by the feminist movement
The Feminist Mystique
217
Rosa Park had a tremendous impact on the civil rights movement when she refused to ...
surrender her seat on a bus
218
Brown v Board of Education
Ruled that racially separate schools where inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional
219
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that 'separate by equal' facilities were constitutional
220
The ____ amendment to the US constitution appeared to guarantee equal rights for blacks
14th
221
Founders did not include in the US Constitution an explicit statement of state powers but added it later in
10th Amendement
222
Doctrine of Nullification refers to
the claim authority of the United States to declare federal law void for violating the US constitution
223
Necessary and Proper clause
section of the constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws 'necessary and proper' to its duties, and that has permitted Congress to exercise powers not especially given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution
224
Writings of Thomas Jefferson
the historical reference to a "wall of seperation" between religion and the state can be found in
225
pluralist view
view that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy
226
freedom of expression
right of people to speak, publish, and assemble
227
19th President
Rutherford B Hayes
(1877-1881)
228
20th President
James A Garfield
(1881)
229
22nd President
Grover Cleveland
(1885-1889)
230
23rd President
Benjamin Harrison
(1889-1893)
231
Federal System
system of government where the national and state governments share soverignty
232
momentum
when a candidate wins (especially an upset win), they tend to better than expected in future contestes
233
gerrymandering
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes having one party
234
incumbency advantage
tendency of incumbent's to do better than otherwise similar challengers, especially in congressional elections
235
New Jersey Plan
proposal to create a weak national government
236
what percentage of incumbent congress members get reelected
90%
237
Hatch Act
1939
Made it illegal for federal civil service employees to take an active part in political management or political campaigns
238
framing
the way in which the new media, by focusing on some aspects of an issue, shapes how people view that issue
239
state judiciaries
laws that addressed public order and the safety and morals of citizens have traditionally been considered the focus of
240
When framers drafted the constitution, the antifederalist opposed it primarily on the grounds that the new government
gave too much power to the national government
241
Plurality system
electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes
242
free shifting
rule that allows a plaintiff to recover costs from the defendant in the plaintiff wins
243
incumbant
the person already holding an elective office
244
presidents who have been assassinated
4
Lincoln
Kennedy
McKinley
Garfeild
245
Since 1962, over ___ of House incumbents who sought reelection have won it
90%
246
Most americans rely on ___ as their source of news
TV
247
america has a long tradition of media that are
privately owned
248
test suggest that the term campaign has become a synonym for
fundraising
249
the difference between the results or surveys or samples
sampling error
250
15th President
James Buchanan
(1857-1861)
251
vote in which a majority of Democratic legislatures oppose a majority of Republican legislatures
partisan polarization
252
first chief justice of the US appointed by Washington, served 1789-1795
John Jay
253
view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the constitution and applying them to the modern circumstances
activist approach
254
the power of courts to declare laws unconstituional
judicial review
255
latinos
today the nations largest minority group with more than 50 million people
256
based on research presidential debates seem to
have little effect on election results
257
a brief, unsigned court opinion
per curiam opinion
258
11th President
James K Polk
(1845-1849)
259
12th President
Zachary Taylor
(1849-1850)
260
16th President
Abraham Lincoln
(1861-1865)
261
bicameralism
term used to describe a two house legislative body
262
the article of the US constitution details the structure and power of congress
Article 1
263
how many members are there in the US House of Representatives
435
264
which article of the US constitution outlines the legislative branch
article 1
265
10th President
John Taylor
(1841-1845)
266
8th President
Martin Van Buren
(1837-1841)
267
7th President
Andrew Jackson
(1829-1937)
268
federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials
courts of appeals
269
9th District US District Court
Washington
Oregon
Idaho
Montana
California
Nevada
Arizona
Alaska
Hawaii
Guam
North Mariana Islands
270
8th District US District Court
North Dakota
South Dakota
Iowa
Missouri
Arkansas
271
6th District US District Court
Michigan
Ohio
Kentucky
Tennessee
272
5th District US District Court
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
273
4th District US District Court
West Virgina
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
274
3rd District US District Court
Pennsylvania
Delaware
New Jersey
Virgin Islands
275
2nd District US District Courts
Vermont
Connecticut
New York
276
1st District US District Courts
Maine
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Puerto Rico
277
lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here
district courts
278
constitutional court
federal court, authorized by Article III of the Constitution, that keeps judges in office during good behavior and prevents salaries from being reduced
279
Ex Parte McCardle
1869
allowed congress to change the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
280
Martin v Hunter Lessee
1816
Supreme Court can review the decisions of the highest state courts if they involve a federal law or the federal constitution
281
Marbury v Maddison
1803
upheld judicial review of congressional acts
282
Anton Scalia
nominated for Supreme Court justice by Ronald Regan
senate approval vote 98-0
283
open primary
primary election where all voters (regardless of party membership) may vote for the party's nominee
284
closed primary
primary election where only registered members may vote for the parties nominee
285
circular structure
several of the presidents assistants report directly to him
286
primary elections
an election held to determine the nominee from a particular party
287
laboratories of democracy
idea that different states can implement different policies and the successful ones will spread
288
filibuster
an attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action on the bill
289
the states
in a confederation, the national government derives its power from
290
for the founders federalism was a device to
protect personal liberity
291
federalism
political system in which the national government shares power with local government
292
primary elections
an election held to determine the nominee from a particular party
293
realignment periods
period when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties
294
mugwumps
republican party faction of the 1890's to the 1910's, comprising reformers who opposed patronage
295
jacksonians
considered second party system
when Andrew Jackson first run for president and lasted until beginning of civil war
296
politcal party
group that seeks to elect canidates to public office
297
coalition
alliance of groups
298
bill of rights
first 10 amendments of the constitution
299
Ex post facto law
law that makes an act criminal even though the act was legal with it was committed
300
law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime
bill of attainder
301
an order to produce an arrested person before a judge
habeas corpus
302
antifederalists
those who favor weaker national government
303
those who favor a stronger national government
federalists
304
group with distinct political instrest
faction
305
inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of government
gridlock
306
powers the president shares with the senate
make treaties
appoint ambassadors, judges and high officals
307
constitutional ability of multiple branches of government to limit each others powers
checks and balances
308
separation of powers
sharing of constitutional authority by multiple branches of government
309
americans believe that they should be free to do pretty much as they please as long as they don't hurt others
liberty
310
everybody should have an equal vote and an equal chance to participate and succeed
equality
311
franking privildge
ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage
312
political culrue
patterned and sustained way of thinking how political and economic life ought to be carried off
313
wactchdog
press's role as an overseer of government officials to ensure they act in the pubic intent
314
ad hoc structures
several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the presdinet on different matters
315
dissenting opinion
a singed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view
316
reserved powers
powers given to state governments alone
317
restrictive rule
order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made to a bill on the floor
318
veto
literally, 'I forbid', it refers to the power of a president to disapprove a bill, and maybe overridden by a two thirds vote of each house of congress
319
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
320
filibuster
attempt to defeat a bill in the senate by talking indefinitely. thus preventing the senate from taking action on the bill
321
Author of the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
322
politics
activity by which an issue is agiated or settled
323
the list of essential rights demanded by the colonists included life, liberty, and ...
the pursuit of truth
324
reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion
probable cause
325
article of the US constitution details the structure and power of congress
Article I
326
civil rights
rights of people to be treated without reasonable or unconstitutional differences
327
minority leader
legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Seante
328
judical review
Supreme Courts primary weapon in the governments system of checks and balances is known as
329
executive order
presidential directive that calls for action within the executive branch
330
executive order
presidential directive that calls for action within the executive branch
331
voting for a candidate because they favor their ideas for handling issues
prosecpective voting
332
Public Safety Exception
police can question a non-Mirandized suspect if there is an urgent concern for public safety
333
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
established 1862
Made into cabinet position in 1889
334
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Established 1970
335
USDOJ
United Staes Department of Justice
Estblisehd in 1789
336
bureacuracy
large, comple organization composed of appointed officals
337
log rolling
legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers
338
people who tend to participate in all forms of politics
activists
339
laws requiring citizens to show a governmental issued phot ID in order to vote
voter identification laws
340
doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities
separate but equal doctrine
341
Process by the court has applied most, but not all parts of the Bill of Rights to the states
selective incorporation process
342
consuming only those news stories which one already agrees
selective exposure
343
congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose
selecte committees
344
difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time
sampling error
345
Department of Veterans Affaris
established in 1989
346
Government by Proxy
Washington pays state and local governments and private groups to staff and administer federal programs
347
federalsim
government authority shared by national and local governments
348
first secretary of state
Thomas Jefferson
349
power elite view
view that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside the government
350
primary election
election held to determine the nominee from a particular party
351
priming
ability of the news media to influence the factors individuals use to evaluate political elites
352
order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review
writ of certiorari
353
impeachment
charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives
354
pyramid structure
president's subordiatntes report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff
355
True or False:
The District of Columbia relieved three electoral votes even though it has no representation in congress
True
356
random sampling
method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected
357
quorum
minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
358
question wording
way in which survey questions are phrased, which influences how respondents answer them
359
many different ways that people take part in politics and government
politcal participation
360
procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature
referendum
361
complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done
red tape
362
recall
procure whereby voters can remove an elected official form office
363
ratings
assessments of a representatives voting record on issues importnat to an interest group
364
district courts
there are 91 in the federal judiciary
365
what does the US constitution have to say about the size of the supreme court
it does not indicate how large the court should be
366
first plan suggested at the constitutional convention called for the president to be chosen by
Congress
367
In order to win the presidency today, a candidate must win ____ electoral votes
270
368
the purpose of a filibuster is
delay action inn a legislative body
369
there have only been ____ Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court
17
370
who was the President who advanced the GUlf of Tonkin Resolutions
Lyndon Johnson
371
National Convention
meeting of party delegates held every four years, which nominates the party's candidates for president
372
The House of Representatives has selected the president
in 1800 and 1824
373
amicus curiae
brief submitted by a "friend of the court"
374
Doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilites
separate but equal doctrine
375
roll-call vote
congressional voting proceudre that consists of members answering 'yea' or 'nay' to their names
376
Most of the money that individual candidates spend during the course of a campaign is directed toward
media related activiteis
377
the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies not spelled out in advance laws
discretionary authority
378
open meeting laws
1976
every part of every agency meeting must be open to the public unless certain matters are being discussed
379
privacy act
1974
government files about individuals, such as Social Security and tax records, must be kept confidential
380
National Environmental Policy Act
1969
before undertaking any major action affecting the environment, an agency must issue an environmental impact statement
381
Freedom of Information Act
1966
Citizens have the right to inspect all government records except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets or those reveling personal actions
382
Administrative Procedure Act
1946
Before adopting a new rule or policy, an agency must give notice, solicit comments, and (often) hold hearing
383
FTC
Federal Trade Commission
384
Competitive Service
the government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or applying certain selection criteria
385
job filled by a person whom an agency has already identified
Name request Job
386
Civil Service Reform Act
1978
Congress recognizes that many high level positions in the civil service have important policy making responsibilities
387
Whistle Blower Protection Act
1989
created by the Office of Special Council, involves the investigating of complaints from bureaucrats that they were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agency
388
exit polls
polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters
389
Wall of Seperation
court ruling that goverment cannot be involved with religion
389
waiver
decision by an administrative agency granting some other party permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it
390
policy entreprenuers
activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interets
390
power
ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first persons intentions
391
the right to use power
authority
392
political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution
legitimacy
393
demoncracy
in our society, government officials should be accountable to the people to the people. this principal is known as:
394
representative democracy
government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle or popular vote
395
an obvious and important difference between a president and a prime minister is that the later always have
majority support in parliament
396
you must declare in advance that you are a registered member of a political party in a(n) ___ primary
closed
397
in a(n) ____ primary, you can vote for candidates of either party
blanket
398
in a(n) ___ primary, you decide when you enter the voting booth which party's primary you wish to participate in
open
399
many scholars argue that the foremost factor in determining how people vote is
party identification
400
the text argues that the US Constitutional system was designed to make the adoption of radicalcal departures in policy
difficult
401
the campaign finance law created in the 1970s was the direct by product of
Watergate
402
the founders - George Washington in particular - thought of political parties as
"factions" motivated by ambition and self interest
403
in his farewell address, George Washington took this position on political parties
he condemned political parties
404
National party conventions were developed as a reform of
party caucuses
405
most unpopular branch of government
congress
406
scholars have identified ___ crucial, or realigning, periods in American politics
5
407
14th president
Franklin Pierce
(1853-1857)
408
term superdelegate refers to
elected officials and party leaders who are not required to pledge themselves in advance to a presidential candidate
409
The classical machine - type party was developed and perfected
in the nineteenth century, before the large scale Irish and Italian immigrations
410
which amendment abolished slavery
13th
411
short television ads are called
spots
412
Which amendment helps define federalism by stating that powers that aren't given to the federal government are given to states or to the people
10th
413
you must declare in advance that you are a registered member of a political party in a ____ primary
closed
414
you can vote for candidates of either party
blanket
415
opinion of the court
a signed opinion of a majority of the Supreme Court
416
a coherent consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to purse is
political ideology
417
House of Representatives term length
2 years
418
McConnell v Federal Election Commission
2002
upheld 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (popularly known as McCain-Fenigold laws)
prohibiting corporations and labor unions from running ads that mention candidates and their postions for 60 days before a federal election
419
single largest campaign expenditure for candidates
televeision advertisements
420
Marbury v Madison
Supreme Court decided for the first tine, in a decision authored by Chief Justice John Marshall, held that the Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
421
there are thirteen _____ in the federal judiciary
Courts of Appeal
422
the Watergate Scandal during the Nixion adminsitration was first exposed by
The Washington Post
423
14th Amendment
adopted in 1868, primarily to protect African American claims to citizenship form hostile state action
424
medium that first allowed public officials to reach the public in a relatively unfiltered manner was
radio
425
a public opinion pollster might need to make as many as _____ phone calls just to get about one thousand respondents for a survey
15,000
426
voters tend to prefer a presidential candidate that has served in this type of elected office
governor
427
a network of people in Washington DC - based interest groups - who regularly discusses and advocate public policy
issue network
428
legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency
appropraition
429
funds for government programs collected and spent outside the regular government budget
trust funds
430
judicial restraint approach
the view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and constution
431
iron triangle
a close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interset group
432
which president considered himself 'an outsider' and boasted of it
Jimmy Carter
433
the ability of a congressional committee to review an approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law
committee clearance
434
legislative veto
the authority of congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. the Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power
435
majoritarian policies
a policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays
436
Department of Homeland Security
created in 2002
creation was a reaction to 9/11
437
Interstate Commerce Commission
created in 1887
started federal legislation of the economy in a meaningful way
438
Department of Labour
founded in 1882
439
Laisse-Faire
an economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce
440
Sonia Sotomayor
Nominated for Supreme Court by Barack Obama
approved in 2009
441
an electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections
two party system
442
Department of Commerce
organized in 1903
purpose to help out business people
443
9th presidnet
William H Harrison
(1841)
444
an other name for partisan identity
partisanship
445
Millard Fillmore
(1850 - 1853)
13th presidnet
446
John Quincy Adams
(1825-1829)
6th president
447
James Monroe
(1817-1825)
5th president
448
James Maddison
(1809-1817)
4th president
449
2nd president
John Adams
(1797-1801)
450
George Washington
(1789-1797)
1st Presidnet
451
Thomas Jefferson
(1801-1809)
3rd Presidnet
452
a legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit
standing
453
signed opinion in which one or more justices dispute with the majority view
dissenting opinions
454
social welfare group that can devote no more than 50% of its funds to politics
501(c)4 groups
455
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
2010
overturned part of a 2002 law that had prohibited corporate and union funding of campaign ads
456
Federal Election Commission v Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc
2007
held that issue ads ay not be prohibited before a primary or general election
457
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMA
458
Buckley v Valeo
1976
held that a law limiting contributions to political campaigns has constitutional but that are restricting candidates expenditures of their own money was not
459
Issues in which rival candidates have opposing views that also divide voters
positional issues
460
