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Anatomy/Physiology > Introduction to Physiology AQ > Flashcards

Introduction to Physiology AQ Flashcards

1
Q

Organelles are not listed as one of the levels of organization of life. Why are they not part of the hierarchy of life?

A

Organelles are structures within cells. Developed within cells formed from molecules. They are not stand alone structures

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2
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Understanding how a whole organism works and each part of it.

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3
Q

Explain the organization of the cardiovascular system using all levels of hierarchical organization.

A

Atoms combine to form molecules, these cells bind together to form cardiac muscle tissue. Muscle tissue, and other tissues, begin to combine to form the heart. The heart then pumps blood into the other organs which deliver blood to all the organs in the human body (aka organism)

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4
Q

Correctly describe the heart in relation to the pericardial cavity.

A

The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart and contains serous fluid.

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5
Q

A cardiothoracic surgeon cracks open a patient’s thoracic cavity, and needs to cut through the pericardial sac. What is the proper sequence of the pericardial layers they must cut through to get to the surface of the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal pericardial membrane, visceral pericardial membrane)

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6
Q

How many layers will the surgeon cut through until serous fluid starts to ooze out?

A

2 - the fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardial membrane

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7
Q

What are the three cavities named that surround the heart, lungs, and viscera?

A

Heart - pericardial cavity
Lungs - pleural cavity
Viscera - peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A mesentery is a double layer of visceral peritoneum. It contains connective tissue, vasculature and nerve fibers.

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9
Q

What future complications will a patient face if they have a cut to their major mesentery if it is not repaired?

A
  1. The motility function of their GI tract will be reduced as peristalsis cannot occur without nerve innervation.
  2. Not be able to absorb nutrients to keep themselves alive, or deliver the oxygen to the small intestines to keep them alive
  3. Their intestines would have impaired structural support within the abdominal cavity.
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10
Q

Where is most of the water located in a female body? (~30 liters)

A

The intracellular compartment (i.e - the inside of your cells, intracellular fluid (ICF)

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11
Q

Approximate volume of the interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

11 L

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12
Q

Approximate volume of the extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

14 L

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13
Q

Approximate volume of the intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

18 L

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14
Q

Approximate volume of the intravascular fluid (IVF)

A

3 L

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15
Q

What is extracellular fluid? (ECF)

A

ECF = ISF + IVF

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16
Q

How would the fluid compartments change, in volume, if someone with hypertension decreases their salt intake?

A

The solute concentration of the plasma would decrease. This would cause water to leave the bloodstream and enter the ECF.

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17
Q

A man lost 5 liters of water during a marathon. How many cups of water would he have to drink to replace this volume of water? (Show work)

A

20 cups (5 L/0.25) (.255 cups = 1 L)

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18
Q

A woman has the flu and loses 6% of her TBW. How many cups of water does she need to replace the volume of water lost? (Show work)

A

7.2 cups (30 x 0.06 = 1.8 L) (1.8/.25 L) (.25 cups = 1 L)

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19
Q

What is vasoconstrict?

A

The narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.

19
Q

An alien was discovered to vasoconstrict in response to an increase in its body temperature. Is this response human-like? What type of feedback does this represent and how?

A

In a human, an increase in body temperature leads to vasodilation. Therefore, this response in the alien is not human-like.
This response is positive feedback because it works to increase conditions away from homeostasis.

19
Q

You spent the last 12 years living in Antartica, but you decided to visit Florida. Your body senses the change in temperature and sends signals to your brain, nerve, and skin. Your forehead is wet with sweat. What process is your body going through to prevent you from overheating?

A

Negative feedback

19
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what is the sensory information?

A

Glucose

20
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what is the receptor?

A

Pancreatic beta cell

21
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what is the control center?

A

Pancreatic beta cell

21
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what is the afferent information?

A

Downstream signaling pathways in the beta cell

22
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what is the efferent information?

A

Insulin

23
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >100 mg/dl), what are the effector cells?

A

Fat cells (adipocytes)
Liver cells (hypatocytes)
Skeletal musicle cells (myocytes)

24
Q

What do each of these effector cells do to drop blood glucose cells?

A

Adipocytes remove glucose from the blood and converts it to fat to form triglycerides (lipogenesis)
Hepatocytes remove glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen (glycogenesis)
Myocytes remove glucose from the blood and stores as glycogen (glycogenesis)

25
Q

What cells are insulin-sensitive that require insulin stimulation for them to update glucose?

A

Adipocyte and skeletal muscle celll

26
Q

How do these cells uptake glucose from the ISF?

A

Facilitated diffusion with glucose transporters (GLUTs)

27
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the sensory information?

A

Glucose

28
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the receptor?

A

Pancreatic alpha cell

29
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the control center?

A

Pancreatic alpha cell

30
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the afferent information?

A

Downstream signaling pathways in the alpha cell

31
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the efferent information?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

In a response to an acute hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), what is the effector cell?

A

Hepatocytes

33
Q

What does the effector cell do to increase blood glucose?

A

Hepatocytes release glucose into the blood by way of breaking down glycogen (glycogenolysis) and by making glucose from amino acid skeletons (gluconeogenesis)

34
Q

What does metformin do for a type II diabetic?

A

Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis and thereby reduces hepatic output of glucose into the blood

35
Q

You ate a kit-kat bar before basketball practice. You feel a sugar rush when trying to focus, and slowly you come down and feel normal. This is an example of what?

A

An acute hyperglycemic response. Your body is trying to bring plasma glucose back down by way of negative feedback.

36
Q

What is/are the effector(s) in the positive feedback regulation loop of parturition?

A

The effectors are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus

37
Q

What is the afferent information?

A

The afferent information is the nerve signals traveling from the stretch receptors in the cervix (receptor) to the hypothalamus (control center/integrator)

38
Q

How is efferent information transmitted to the effector(s)?

A

The efferent information is oxytocin. It is released by the pituitary glad and is transmitted via the cardiovascular system (in an endocrine fashion) to the uterus.

39
Q

What is Pitocin?

A

Pitocin is the synthetic version of human oxytocin

40
Q

How does Pitocin work?

A

Pitocin stimulates the smooth muscle cells of the uterus to contract and further push the fetus’ head towards the cervix

41
Q

Feedforward information

A

Information sent ahead in a pathway in anticipation for an event that has not yet occurred.
Example: When you merely look at food, your stomach can start gurgling.

42
Q

How is feedforward information transmitted from your eyes to your stomach?

A

The information is transmitted by the nervous system via the vagus nerve (a parasympathetic nerve)

Anatomy/Physiology (6 decks)

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