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Physiology > Introduction to Physio > Flashcards

Introduction to Physio Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

constant internal environment through system cooperation

  • regulated by body systems
  • constant ph, electrolytes, wastes, termperature
  • each cell experiences little variation
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2
Q

dynamic steady state

A

matter and energy flow in and out of system while the system itself stays constant

  • open state
  • NOT equilibrium
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3
Q

flow of negative feedback loop

A

variable-sensor-afferent pathway-integrator (compares actual value to set value)-set point-efferent pathway-effector

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4
Q

tonic control

A

control more or less of one effector (car accelerator)

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5
Q

antagonistic control

A

controls opposites (hot+cold, etc). accelerator+ brake

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6
Q

sensitivity

A

how good is sensor for feedback

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7
Q

gain

A

how good is the effector

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8
Q

lag time

A

time to complete feedback loop

-slower if part of cycle is defective

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9
Q

feed forward

A

brain-stomach-brain=hungry

  • see food, get hungry
  • food goes down, systems prepare for food
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10
Q

positive feedback

A

continues same action

-heightened response, goes to some sort of endpoint

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11
Q

proteins in negative feedback loop

A

action molecules

  • part that does action
  • binds to something to do action on
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12
Q

ligand

A

binds to protein

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13
Q

ligand concentration

A

determines how often a ligand will go in and bind to a binding site on a protein

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14
Q

affinity

A

determine how long the ligand occupies the binding site, or when it will come out

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15
Q

3 things that affect the # of full binding sites

A
  1. number of binding sites
  2. concentration of ligand
  3. affinity
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16
Q

4 ways to cause molecular movement

A
  1. diffusion
  2. pressure
  3. voltage
  4. motor proteins
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17
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move from high concentration to low

-“unidirectional flux”

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18
Q

net flow

A

add the two vectors of diffusion (water and glucose for example) and if =0 then at equilibrium

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19
Q

entropy

A

diffusion is caused by a force, know because have to work against it
-equilibrium in diffusion represents a higher entropy state than a concentration gradient

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20
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water from higher [] to lower []

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21
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

compartments with higher solute concentration have higher HP because water diffuses in

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22
Q

two forces that make water move

A

hydrostatic pressure
diffusion
-equilibrium can be achieved where hydrostatic pressure is equal and opposite diffusion force

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23
Q

how to determine diffusion force

A

measure hydrostatic pressure difference, diffusion is opposite

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24
Q

osmotic pressure

A

diffusional force, measured in pressure units, but not really pressure
-represents force of diffusion reported in units of pressure

25
Q

higher osmotic pressure?

A

higher solute concentration, even tho lower h20

26
Q

osmotic strength

A
  • proportional to osmotic pressure
  • dtermined by counting number of dissolved solute particles per liter of solution
  • also known as OSMOLARITY
27
Q

osmolarity

A

number of moles of solute per liter of solution

28
Q

similar osmotic strength

A 
100mM CaCl2 (breaks into 3x mM)
and 300 mM glucose
29
Q

isotonic

A

cell mOSM is equal to solution mOSM

30
Q

hypertonic

A

cell has less osmolarity than solution (less particles)

-cell shrivels

31
Q

hypotonic

A

higher osmolarity than solution

-cell bursts

32
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules need a special transport proetin to pass membrane

33
Q

facilitated diffusion controlled by

A
  1. number of transporters
  2. concentration of solute
  3. affinity
34
Q

channel vs carrier

A

passive diffusion

-channel, NA+ goes through, carrier for glucose

35
Q

active transport (primary)

A

needs energy (ATP)

  • pumps against gradient
  • Na+ K+
36
Q

active transport (secondary)

A

uses energy of molecules diffusing into cell to transport against gradient
-requires active transport to transport diffusing molecules out

37
Q

epithelial transport

A

-ex small intestine
-sodium pumped to basal lateral side, through cells
-lumen side has a negative charge while the blood has a positive charge
-sodium (+) diffuses in, chloride follows because its negative
-blood becomes hypertonic, h20 naturally follows
only energy is in sodium potassium pump
-glucose pumped into cell, diffuses into blood

38
Q

transcellular

A

-transport through both membranes

39
Q

paracellular

A

transport through tight junctions

-“leaky epithelia”

40
Q

intrinsic cell protein control

A

-control system based on intracellular conditions and/or concentrations of intracellular chemicals

41
Q

extrinsic cell protein control

A

control system based on messages received from other cells

42
Q

2 ways to control cell protein

A
  1. control number of each type of protein

2. control activity of existing proteins

43
Q

central dogma of controlling type and number of proteins present

A

DNA-> transcription-> mRNA-> translation->protein-> degradation-> amino acids
-focus on control of transcription, but can use translation and degradation to control as well

44
Q

transcription controlled by

A

activator
-repressor
-promotor
RNA polymerase

45
Q

RNA polymerase

A
  • binds to promotor, starts transcription

- change # polymerases, affinity for promotor

46
Q

repressor

A

protein binds to repressor, inhibits transcription

-inducer can bind to it and stop repression

47
Q

activator

A

causses more transcription of protein

48
Q

inducer

A

allosteric modulator

  • binds to repressor, reduces affinity for DNA, causes increased transcription
  • binds to activator, increases affinity for DNA, increases transcription
49
Q

covalent modification

A
  • i.e. phosphorylation

- influences repressors and activators affinity for DNA binding

50
Q

positive allosteric modulator

A

-activity increases when modulator binds

51
Q

negative allosteric modulator

A

activity decreases when modulator binds

52
Q

allosteric control

A
  • ligand causes protein shape change

- modulator binds somewhere other than active site, changes activity of protein

53
Q

phosphorylation

A

kinase

protein phosphatase

54
Q

protein kinase

A

an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to or from ATP. Protein kinase uses ATP to phosphorylate proteins

55
Q

protein phosphatase

A

an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a molecule. it DEphosphorylates proteins

56
Q

cleavage

A

cutting the peptide chain activates some enzymes

57
Q

zymogen

A

an inactive enzyme, awaiting activation by cleavage

58
Q

negative regulation

A

controlling transcription

  • increase modulator, no transcription
  • decrease modulator, transcription
59
Q

positive regulation

A

increase modulator, transcription

-decrease modulator, no transcription

Physiology (11 decks)

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