INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL PHARMACY Flashcards
deals with:
* Investigations of physical and chemical
ppts. of drug molecules;
PHARMACEUTICS
deals with:
Design, fabrication, and evaluation of DDS
(Drug Delivery System)
PHARMACEUTICS
deals with:
Monitoring how drug products are ADME in
the body
PHARMACEUTICS
(Study of ADME)
K - katawan
Pharmaco(K)inetics
DDS
Drug Delivery System
ADME
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
(Bioavailability)
study of the factors influencing the bioavailability of a drug in humans and animals, and the information to optimize the therapeutic activity of the drug products
B - biogesic -> what the drug does to the body
(B)iopharmaceutics
art and science of formulation and manufacture of DF (Drug Formulation) & DDS (Drug Delivery System)
Dosage Forms
deals with the physicochemical properties underlying the development of a successful DF.
Physical Pharmacy
A fundamental unit relating each measurable quantity to some natural/ artificial constant in the universe.
Reference Standard
CGS UNIT
Length
cm (centimeter)
CGS UNIT
Mass
g (gram)
CGS UNIT
Time
s (seconds)
SI UNIT
Length
m
SI UNIT
Mass
kg
SI UNIT
Time
s
REF. STD.
Length
meter
REF. STD.
Mass
kilogram
REF. STD.
Time
Atomic Frequency
Metric System
Weight
g (gram)
Metric System
Volume
L or l (liters)
Metric System Length
m (meter)
- the forces between molecules or compounds
- Inter means between or among
Intermolecular Binding Forces
- covalent bonds within molecule
- strong bonds
- delta H bond (HCl) = 431 kJ / mol
Intramolecular forces
- intra means within
- forces within molecules or forces between atoms
e.g covalent, metallic or ionic
Intramolecular Binding Forces
- attraction forces between molecules
- weak bonds
- delta H vaporizarization (HCl) = 16 kJ / mol
Intermolecular forces
attraction between “unlike” molecules
Adhesion
like poles repel
opposite poles attract
Magnetic forces
like charges repel
opposite charges attract
Electrostatic forces
are inversely proportioned to the distance separating the molecule
Attractive forces (FA)
INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCES
van der Waals Forces:
- DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES or ORIENTATION EFFECT, KEESOM FORCES
- DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES or INDUCTION EFFECT, DEBYE FORCES
- INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE OR DISPERSION FORCES, LONDON FORCES
- ION-DIPOLE FORCES
- ION-ION INTERACTIONS
- THE HYDROGEN BOND
attraction between “like” molecules
Cohesion
The energy of this type of attractive force is 1 to 3 kcal/mole
DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES or INDUCTION EFFECT, DEBYE FORCES
are proportional to an exponential relationship with the reciprocal of the distance separating the molecules.
Repulsive forces (FR)
possessing “permanent dipoles”, having both a partial positively charged end and a partial negatively charged end:
POLAR & POLAR
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES or ORIENTATION EFFECT, KEESOM FORCES
Easily polarized molecules include ethylacetate, methylene chloride, and ether
DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES or INDUCTION EFFECT, DEBYE FORCES
Molecules that possess permanent dipoles include water, hydrochloric acid, alcohol, acetone, and phenol
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES or ORIENTATION EFFECT, KEESOM FORCES
A polar molecule can produce a temporary electric dipole in nonpolar molecules that are easily polarizable:
POLAR & NON-POLAR
DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES or INDUCTION EFFECT, DEBYE FORCES
The energy of this attraction ranges from 1 to 7 kcal/mole
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES or ORIENTATION EFFECT, KEESOM FORCES
Keesom
AKA as
Dipole-Dipole Forces or Orientation Effect
Polar-Polar
This attraction is produced by asymmetry in the distribution of the electrons around the nucleus; temporary.
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE OR DISPERSION FORCES, LONDON FORCES
This force is responsible for the liquefaction of gases:
NON- POLAR & NON-POLAR.
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE OR DISPERSION FORCES, LONDON FORCES
Nonpolar molecules exhibiting induced dipole-induced dipole forces of attraction include organic compounds such as carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and hexane.
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE OR DISPERSION FORCES, LONDON FORCES
The energy of this attractive force is 0.5 to 1 kcal/mole
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE OR DISPERSION FORCES, LONDON FORCES
Debye
AKA as
Dipole-induced or Induction Effect
Polar-Non Polar
London
AKA as
Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole or Dispersion Forces
Non Polar - Non Polar
Attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction b/n an ion and neutral molecules that has a dipole
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
Found in solutions (specifically solutions of ionic compounds)
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
Diuretics
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
accounts for the solubility of ionic crystalline substance in water
Ion-dipole
involved in the formation of the iodide complex – solubility of iodine in a solution of potassium iodide
Ion-induced dipole
Electrovalent bond between two counter ions: a cation on one compound will interact with an anion on another compound = intermolecular
association
ION-ION INTERACTIONS
interaction b/n a molecule containing a strongly electronegative atom such as O, N, and F.
HYDROGEN BOND
Accounts for water’s high dielectric constant,
low vapor pressure and high boiling point
HYDROGEN BOND
H bond exists between alcohol, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters molecules
HYDROGEN BOND
Weakest Bond
HYDROGEN BOND
