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PAE Removal > Introduction to Physical Agents > Flashcards

Introduction to Physical Agents Flashcards

1
Q

A method of applying energy, force, and
equipment or material to a patient’s body.

A

Physical Agents

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2
Q

Categories of Physical Agents

A

Thermal
Mechanical
Electromagnetic

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3
Q

An equipment/ material that could either increase or
decrease tissue temperature.

A

Thermal

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4
Q

A type of agent that can increase or decrease pressure on the body. It could either put pressure or reduce the pressure

A

MECHANICAL

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5
Q

A form of treatment that uses water as a form of
providing therapeutic effects or benefits to a
patient.

A

Hydrotherapy

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6
Q

Helps patients with ADHD vis treatment
with warm water, which helps the patient relax.
The cold water helps in reducing inflammation.

A

Thermal Conductivity

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7
Q

An upward thrust allowing the body to float in
water. We could maximize this force as
a form of treatment in rehabilitation. It
relieves pressure by decreasing the force of
our collective/body as it hits the ground. It produces
low-impact forces on certain joints in our
body. It facilitates weight-bearing activities.

A

Buoyant Force

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8
Q

The amount of weight an object/person; whether
it floats in water. (Density of water is 1, if greater than 1 it will sink, if less than 1 it will float)

A

Density

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9
Q

Form of pressure that is exerted all throughout
the body as it is immersed underwater.
The deeper the water, the greater the pressure being exerted on distal parts of the body. According to
Pascal’s Law. Decreased edema because HP can help
regulate blood circulation. Also helps in decreasing blood pooling in the lower extremities.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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10
Q

A force that separates certain joints or body
structure. Spinal decompression unit.

A

Traction

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11
Q

Approximates a particular joint or body structure.

A

Compression

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12
Q

An agent that uses radiation/rays or electric
current. Emits heat/energy.

A

Electromagnetic

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13
Q

● disease or injury
● Refers to the medical condition; alteration on the
anatomy or the function of the body leading to a
medical condition.

A

Pathology

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14
Q

Abnormality of structure or function
● Primary level of which physical agents have
direct effects
● Anatomical/Physiological loss.

A

Impairment

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15
Q

Restrictions in the ability to perform components
of daily life

A

Functional Limitation

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16
Q

Inability to perform typical activities of daily living.

A

Disability

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17
Q

A form of energy generated because of the two different temperatures; one is higher than the other, causing an energy.

A

Heat

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18
Q

Boiling point

A

Fahrenheit: 212 F
Celsius: 100 C
Kelvin: 373 K

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19
Q

Freezing point

A

Fahrenheit: 32 F
Celsius: 0 C
Kelvin: 273 K

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20
Q

The amount of heat an object can hold.

A

Heat Capacity

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21
Q

A principle that helps us understand the amount of
the heat that is being gained or lost in an object.

A

Heat Capacity

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22
Q

Amount of energy required to increase the
the temperature of a given material by a given number
of degrees

A

Specific Heat

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23
Q

Specific Heat of Various Materials

A

➔ Specific Heat of Various Materials
◆ Water 4.19 J/g/C
◆ Air 1.01 J/g/C
◆ Average Human Body 3.56 J/g/C
◆ Skin 3.77 J/g/C
◆ Muscle 3.75 J/g/C
◆ Fat 2.30 J/g/C
◆ Bone 1.59 J/g/C

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24
Q

True or False:
Heat energy always moves from HOT object →
COOLER object.

A

True

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25
Q

Sources of Heat

A

Chemical
Mechanical
Electrical Current
Thermal

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26
Q

Referring to something related to food metabolism.
- Fuel burning

A

Chemical

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27
Q

In relation to friction.
- Rub or shear forces to another object, it may
produce heat. Examples: Rubbing your hands
together

A

Mechanical

28
Q

Through the use of electricity.

A

Electrical Current

29
Q

The sun is a primary source of ________

A

Thermal heat

30
Q

How heat is transferred from one object to another.

A

Energy Transfer:

31
Q

a. Heat is transferred through a material by being
passed from one particle to the next.

A

Conduction

32
Q

a. Takes place in a material where particles can
move around inside the material, i.e. liquid or gas

A

Convection

33
Q

Heat transfer by movements of air or fluid from a
warmer area to a cooler area or moving past a
cooler body part

A

Convection

34
Q

e. Heat transfers from a warmer object to a cooler
object through direct molecular interaction of
objects in physical contact.

A

Conduction

35
Q

The rate of heat transfer depends on the
temperature difference between the two objects

A

Conduction

36
Q

A transfer of heat directly from the source to the
object by a wave or by a ray or radiation.

A

Radiation

37
Q

transfer of heat from a warmer object
to a cooler object through the transmission of
electromagnetic energy without heating an
intervening medium.

A

Radiation

38
Q

It’s an absorption of energy as the result of the
conversion of a material from a liquid to a vapor.
b. Example: Vapocoolant sprays used in acute
injuries.

A

Evaporation

39
Q

a. Temperature changes result when energy is
transformed from one form to another.
b. Example: Mech energy → Thermal energy
c. Modality: Therapeutic ultrasound

A

Conversion

40
Q

Refers to the vessels; the arteries, veins, and capillaries.

A

Hemodynamic effects

41
Q

When we apply heat to the patient locally, on
certain areas of the body, it could cause ____________.

A

Vasodilation

42
Q

a. stimulated cutaneous thermoreceptors; causes
vasodilation of local/adjacent blood vessels
b. Increase local release of chemical mediators of inflammation

A

Reflex Vasodilation

43
Q

True or False:
Vasodilation is the narrowing of the blood vessels

A

False: Widening

44
Q

True or False:
Vasodilation causes an increase in blood flow to
the heated area.

A

True

45
Q

Heating and increase in blood flow will increase
the capillary pressure and permeability of the
cells.

A

Increased fluid dynamics

46
Q

Hemodynamic Effects includes

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased fluid dynamics
47
Q

Elevation of muscle temperature by 42C has
been shown to result in:

A

○ Decreased firing rate of type II muscle
spindle and gamma efferent fibers
which reducing afferent firing from the
spindles
○ increased firing rate of type lb fibers
from GTO (Golgi Tendon Organ) that
leads to reflex inhibitory effect of the
respective muscle.
● Stimulation of Alpha motor neurons that allow muscular spasm and relaxation of muscle.

48
Q

NCV increase by how much?

A

2m/sec for every 1 deg C (1.8deg F) increase in temperature

49
Q

Neuromuscular effects include

A

A. Changes in nerve conduction velocity and firing
rate
B. Increased pain threshold

50
Q

Refers to the free nerve ending pacinian corpuscles merkel’s disc, and meissners

A

Sensory Receptors

51
Q

A-beta, C-fibers, and A-delta fibers.

A

Sensory fibers

52
Q

Fibers responsible for pain

A

C and A Delta fibers

53
Q

● responsible for pain;
● myelinated; allows saltatory
conduction which causes speeding up
of transmission (Hoping of impulses
because of nodes of ranvier).
● Transmission of pain is faster
● Referred to as acute pain. (Sharp type
of pain

A

A-delta fibers

54
Q

● Also pain receptor.
● Unmyelinated; no saltatory conduction
kaya mas mabagal ang transmission of
impulses
● Referred to as chronic pain.
Manifestation of pain occurs at a later
time

A

C-fibers

55
Q

● Medium-sized fiber that is myelinated.
● Not a pain receptor;
● Signals/Sensation: tapping, rubbing,
scratching, deep touch, temperature, or
pressure

A

A-beta fibers

56
Q

Activation of ______ fibers leads to inhibition
of pain receptors. (Application of heat)

A

A-beta fibers

57
Q

Activation of spinal gating mechanism through stimulation of free nerve ending (A-beta/Free nerve ending) leads to blocking the transmission of pain at the level of the spinal cord.

A

Direct Mechanism

58
Q

Heat leads to vasodilation and increased blood flow resulting in reducing pain through which what mechanism?

A

Indirect mechanism

59
Q

Change in the firing rate of type II fibers,
gamma efferent and Ib fibers from Golgi’s tendon
organ.

A

Change in muscle strength

60
Q

Metabolic effects includes:

A

Increase Metabolic rate

61
Q

True or False:
The older the patient, the longer the heating
time. The younger the patient is, the shorter the
heating time.

A

True

62
Q

True or False:
10 - 15 mins is already sufficient to produce
tissue extensibility to younger individuals, but to
older patients, it must reach 30 mins.

A

True

63
Q

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS includes:

A

Generalized skin vasodilatation
Generalized sweating
Increase pulse rate
Increase respiratory rate
Decrease blood pressure

64
Q

Therapeutic effects of heat

A

A. Pain control
B. Increase range of motion and decrease joint
stiffness
C. Accelerate healing

65
Q

General indications of thermal agents

A

➔ Subacute and chronic pain
➔ Subacute and chronic inflammation
➔ Subacute and chronic infection
➔ Tissue healing
➔ Muscle spasm
➔ Reduction of edema
➔ Prior to range of motion exercise

66
Q

General contraindications of thermal agents

A

➔ Acute injuries ( sprain & strain)
➔ Acute inflammation
➔ Impaired circulation
➔ Impaired sensation
➔ Neoplasm

67
Q

Factors Affecting These Physiological Effects

A

➔ Size of the heated area
➔ Depth of absorption of specific radiation
➔ Duration of heating
➔ Frequency of treatment
➔ Intensity of radiation
➔ Method of application

PAE Removal (5 decks)

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