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MT 6314 Pharmacology (2nd Shifting) > Introduction to Pharmacology of CNS Drugs > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology of CNS Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Anandamide is a receptor agonist of?

A

Endocannabinoids

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2
Q

Which has a Kainate receptor subtype?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Dopamine
C. Glutamate
D. Norepinephrine

A

C. Glutamate

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3
Q

Which can modify neurotransmitter responses mediated through cAMP?
A. Methylxanthines
B. Strychnine
C. Opioids
D. Endocannabinoids

A

C. Opioids

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4
Q

Type of voltage-gated ion channel receptor of Agatoxin

A

Calcium channel

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5
Q

Which is an irreversible nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist?
A. Batrachotoxin
B. alpha-Bungarotoxin
C. Picrotoxin
D. Omega conotoxin

A

B. alpha-Bungarotoxin

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6
Q

Include all the pathways directly involved in sensory perception and motor control

A

Hierarchical Neuronal System

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7
Q

Neuronal System of serotonergic pathways

A

Non-specific or Diffuse Neuronal System

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8
Q

Can modulate voltage-gated channels via a membrane-delimited pathway

A

Metabotropic receptors

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9
Q

Also known as ionotropic receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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10
Q

Glutamate
A. Inhibitory
B. Excitatory
C. Both
D. Neither

A

B. Excitatory

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11
Q

Acetylcholine
A. Inhibitory
B. Excitatory
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C. Both

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12
Q

EPSP or IPSP: Opening of postsynaptic calcium channels

A

EPSP

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13
Q

EPSP or IPSP: Hyperpolarizing

A

IPSP

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14
Q

GABA
A. Amino Acid
B. Neuropeptides
C. Monoamine
D. None

A

A. Amino Acid

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15
Q

Histamine
A. Amino Acid
B. Neuropeptides
C. Monoamine
D. None

A

C. Monoamine

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16
Q

T/F: Nearly all drugs with CNS effects act on a specific receptors that modulates transmission.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

T/F: CNS drugs are among the most important tools for studying all aspects of CNS physiology

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Unraveling the actions of drugs with known clinical efficacy led to the hypotheses regarding the mechanism of diseases, such as?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Addiction

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19
Q

The excesses or deficiencies of chemicals in the brain would result to?

A

Diseases

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20
Q

Holds on the blood vessels to prevent excessive sodium, and will not allows drugs to readily affect the nervous cells

A

Astrocyte

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes in the peripheral NS?

A

Schwann cells

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22
Q

Schwann cells in the central NS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

T/F: Synapses with another neuron comes into contact with one another

A

FALSE, they do NOT come in contact

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24
Q

T/F: Most drugs that act on the CNS do so by changing ion flow through transmembrane channels of nerve cells

A

TRUE

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25
Q

T/F: All channel types can be affected reversibly, competitively, and inhibited by several chemicals except for Potassium and Calcium channels

A

FALSE

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26
Q

What are the 2 toxins that characterize sodium channels?

A

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
Batrachotoxin (BTX)

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27
Q

What are the 2 toxins that characterize potassium channels?

A

Apamin
Charybdotoxin

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28
Q

What are the 2 toxins that characterize calcium channels?

A

Omega-conotoxin (ω-CTX-GVIA)
Agatoxin (ω-AGAIVA)

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29
Q

Sodium, potassium, and calcium channels are what type of channels?

A

Voltage-gated channels

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30
Q

What is the toxin that characterize the nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

ɑ-Bungarotoxin

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31
Q

What is the toxin that characterize GABA A receptor?

A

Picrotoxin

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32
Q

What is the toxin that characterize glycine receptor?

A

Strychnine

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33
Q

What is the toxin that characterize AMPA receptor?

A

Philanthotoxin

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34
Q

What are the 4 different receptors in Ligand-gated channel?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor, GABA A receptor, Glycine receptor, AMPA receptor

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35
Q

What are the two types of gated channels?

A

Voltage Gated Channels
Ligand Gated Channels

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36
Q

Nerve cells contain two types of channels defined on the basis of the mechanism controlling the?

A

Gates (opening and closing)

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37
Q

Respond to changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

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38
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels are concentrated on the?

A

Axon hillock/ initial segment of the axons

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39
Q

T/F: Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for slow action potentials

A

FALSE, they are responsible for FAST action potentials

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40
Q

2 Classes of Neurotransmitter Receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
Metabotropic receptors

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41
Q

Chemically-gated

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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42
Q

Respond the chemical neurotransmitters that binds to receptor subunits of the channel

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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43
Q

G-protein coupled

A

Metabotropic receptors

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44
Q

T/F: Binding to a metabotropic receptor results in direct gating of a channel?

A

FALSE, it is indirect

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45
Q

Binding to a metabotropic receptor engages the G-protein that results into the production of?

A

Second messengers

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46
Q

Modulates the voltage gated channels intracellularly

A

Second messengers

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47
Q

Drug mimics what chemical?

A

Endogenous chemicals

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48
Q

What are the 2 membrane delimited pathways?

A

Potassium and Calcium channels

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49
Q

3 examples of second messengers?

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Diacyclglycerol (DAG)

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50
Q

Are EPSPs hyperpolarizing or depolarizing?

A

Depolarizing, it is excitatory

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51
Q

Are IPSPs hyperpolarizing or depolarizing?

A

Hyperpolarizing, it is inhibitory

52
Q

Depolarizing potential change

53
Q

EPSPs can be generated by opening what channels?

A

Sodium and Calcium channels

54
Q

EPSPs can be generated by closing what channels?

A

Potassium channels

55
Q

T/F: In EPSPs, closing a potassium channel would make the membrane negative.

A

FALSE, it would make the membrane more positive

56
Q

Hyperpolarizing potential change

57
Q

IPSPs can be generated by opening what channels?

A

Potassium and Chloride channels (postsynaptic)

58
Q

T/F: IPSPs can be generated by opening potassium channels in the presynaptic.

A

FALSE, it should be postsynaptic

59
Q

IPSPs can be generated by closing what channels?

A

Calcium channels (presynaptic)

60
Q

T/F: EPSPs may not readily reach the threshold

61
Q

Several excitatory potential coming from different communicating neurons which causes higher depolarization, reaching the threshold causing an action potential to be generated

A

Spatial summation

62
Q

Subsequent EPs

A

Temporal summation

63
Q

__PSPs are important in preventing seizure/ epilepsy

64
Q

Some drugs exert their effect through __________ interactions with molecular components of ion channels on axons

65
Q

Drugs that exert their effect through direct interactions on axons

A

Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Local anesthetics, General anesthesia

66
Q

Most drugs exert their effect mainly at the _____________

67
Q

Drugs may act presynaptically to alter?

A

Synthesis, Storage, Release, Reuptake, Metabolism

68
Q

T/F: You cannot prevent the action potential propagation by blocking ion channels?

A

FALSE, sa axon palang, you can prevent it na

69
Q

Myasthenia gravis can be attributed to the problem of?

A

Presynaptic storage

70
Q

T/F: Neurotransmitters need to be stored so that when an action potential comes in, it will be able to release it.

71
Q

Ionic conductance can be accomplished through __________-______________ ________________ receptors

A

Membrane-delimited metabotropic receptors

72
Q

This sends signal to inhibit release because the postsynaptic neuron is overly stimulated

A

Retrograde signaling

73
Q

Reuptake is processed in the?

A

Glial cells

74
Q

Inhibits synthesis of serotonin

A

Parachlorophenylalanine

75
Q

Inhibits synthesis of cathecolamines

76
Q

Inhibits release of catecholamines

A

Amphetamine

77
Q

Inhibits degradation of Acetylcholine

A

Anticholinesterase

78
Q

T/F: Amphetamine is used for Myasthenia gravis.

A

FALSE, Anticholinesterase is used

79
Q

Contain large myelinated, rapidly conducting fibers

A

Hierarchical System

80
Q

Control major sensory and motor functions

A

Hierarchical System

81
Q

Type of neuronal system responsible for excitability of the CNS

A

Hierarchical System

82
Q

Hierarchical system is modulated by _________ to be able to control how much muscle contraction will occur

A

Interneurons

83
Q

Major excitatory transmitters of hierarchical system

A

Aspartate, Glutamate

84
Q

Small inhibitory interneurons transmitter of hierarchical system

A

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), Glycine

85
Q

Broadly distributed, with single cells frequently sending processes to many different parts of the brain-tangential

A

Diffused or Non-specific Neuronal System

86
Q

T/F: In neuropsychiatry, it is hard to determine unless the neurotransmitter is the one that is primarily affected

87
Q

Substantia nigra is associated with?

88
Q

Locus coeruleus is associated with?

A

Norepinephrine

89
Q

Raphe nuclei is associated with?

90
Q

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert and Cholinergic nuclei 5-8 is associated with

A

Acetylcholine

91
Q

Periodic enlargements that contain transmitter vesicles

A

Varicosities

92
Q

Varicosities are located in the?

93
Q

Transmitters for Diffused/ Non-specific neuronal system

A

Noradrenegic Amines (Norephinerine, Dopamine, Serotonin)
Peptides (act on metabotropic receptors)

94
Q

T/F: Transmitters for hierarchical neuronal system are found primarily in a compact cell group called caeruleus in the caudal pontine central gray matter.

A

FALSE, Diffused/ non-specific neuronal system

95
Q

Marked effects of Diffused/ non-specific neuronal function on CNS functions

A

Attention, Appetite, Emotional states

96
Q

Criteria for Transmitter Status

A
  1. High concentration in synaptic area (localized)
  2. Released by electrical or chemical stimulation by calcium-dependent mechanism
  3. Synaptic mimicry
97
Q

Produce the same sort of postsynaptic response that is seen with physiologic activation of the synapse

A

Synaptic mimicry

98
Q

How many percent of neurons have transmitters for ACh?

99
Q

G protein-coupled muscarinic M1 receptors

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

100
Q

Is ACh fast or slow? Excitation or inhibitory?

A

Slow excitation

101
Q

ACh ___________ permeability to potassium

102
Q

Dopamine ____________ actions at synapses in specific neuronal systems

A

Inhibitory

103
Q

G protein-coupled activation of potassium channels

104
Q

Main dopamine subtype

A

D2 receptor

105
Q

Dopamine increases?

106
Q

Norepinephrine excitatory effects

A

Activation of ɑ1 and β1 receptors
Decrease potassium conductance

107
Q

Norepinephrine inhibitory effects

A

Activation of ɑ2 and β2 receptors
Increase potassium conductance

108
Q

Serotonin has multiple _________________ receptor subtypes

A

5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

109
Q

Serotonin is ___________ at many sites

A

Inhibitory

110
Q

Serotonin is _____________ depending on the receptor subtype activated

A

Excitatory

111
Q

T/F: Serotonin is metabotropic.

112
Q

Glutamic acid for most neurons is?

A

Excitatory

113
Q

Receptor for glutamic acid

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)

114
Q

NMDA is responsible for?

A

Learning and memory

115
Q

Glutamic acid inhibits?

A

Adenyl cyclase

116
Q

mGluR in glutamate has _________ reaction

117
Q

AMPAR and NMDAR in glutamate have ____________ response

118
Q

Enzyme converting Glutamine to Glutamate

A

Glutaminase

119
Q

Primary NTA mediating IPSPs

120
Q

GABA A receptor activation

A

Opens chloride conductance

121
Q

GABA B receptor activation

A

Opens potassium channels
Closes calcium channel

122
Q

Glycine is more numerous in the?

A

Spinal cord

123
Q

Glycine causes?

A

Chloride conductance

124
Q

GABA and Glycine causes?

A

Postsynaptic inhibition (hyperpolarization)

125
Q

Beta-endorphins, Dynorphins

A

Opioid Peptides

126
Q

Opioid presynaptic inhibitory

A

Decrease calcium conductance

127
Q

Opioid postsynaptic inhibitory

A

Increase potassium conductance

MT 6314 Pharmacology (2nd Shifting) (1 decks)

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