Introduction to Pharmacology, Drug Discovery, Routes of Administration Flashcards
Define generic, brand and chemical name of the drugs
Generic: Derived from the chemical name and non proprietary
Brand: Assigned to the compound by the pharmaceutical company
Chemical: refers to the specific compounds structure
What are Schedule I drugs?
Schedule I: Drugs or chemicals with no currently accepted medical use with the high potential for abuse
Heroin, LSD, Weed, MDMA
What are Schedule II drugs?
Schedule II: drugs or chemicals with a high potential for abuse with accepted medical use, can lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
Methylphenidate, methamphetamine, oxycodone, morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, cocaine
What are schedule III drugs?
Schedule III: Moderate or lower abuse potential compared to schedule II
Anabolic steroids, testosterone, codeine, ketamine
What are Schedule IV drugs?
Schedule IV: Lowest potential for abuse and lower risk of dependence
Diazepam, Lorazepam, Phenobarbital, Propoxyphene, tramadol
What are Schedule V drugs?
Schedule V: Lowest abuse potential
Low dose opioids in cough meds, lamotil, pregabalin
What is Pharmacology?
Pharmacology is a broad umbrella term that encompasses pharmacotherapeutics and toxicology.
Pharmacotherapeutics can be further divided into pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
What is pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug (ADME)
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What is Pharmacodynamics?
what the drug does to the body
MOA
Dose Response
Effects
SE
ADRs
what is pharmacodynamics dependent on?
Depends upon drug receptors and the ability of the drugs to bind to those receptors
what factors affect absorption?
Bioavailability is affected by stomach acidity, gastric emptying, surface area, GI enzymes, and developmental changes
what is bioavailability? What factors affect it?
The extent to which a drug reaches systemic circulation
Routes of administration
Ability to cross the membrane
What is toxicology?
the branch of science concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons.
what factors affect drug distribution?
tissue permeability, blood flow, binding to plasma protein, binding to sub cellular components
Describe Phase-I and Phase-II drug metabolism
Phase I: convert a parent drug to a polar active metabolite through unmasking or insertion of a polar functional group (CYP450)
Phase II: convert the parent drug to a polar inactive metabolite via conjugation of subgroups (sulphates, glycine, acetylation, methylation)
With regard to drug metabolism, what are CYP inductors and CYP inhibitors?
Induction: Rifampin, Carbamazepine
Inhibition: Valproic acid, Fluoxetine
Describe absorption of drugs in Infants
- less stomach acid which increases bioavailability
- delayed gastric emptying which increases the time to reach therapeutic concentration
-larger relative skin surface area which increases cutaneous perfusion - thinner stratum corneum increases absorption of topicals
Describe absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs in the elderly
A: increased gastric PH and delayed gastric emptying increases the time to reach therapeutic concentrations
D: decreased TBW to 53% and increased body fat and decreased serum albumin binding
E: decreased glomerular filtration and tubular secretion (main reason for adverse reactions!)
What is half life?
The amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining the in the body to eliminated
Active vs Passive Transport
Active: Minerals, sugars, and amino acids move against a concentration gradient with an input of energy
Passive: Water and water soluble substances (urea and glycerol) and small lipids move with a concentration gradient
What are the major organs of drug metabolism and excretions?
The liver is the major organ that metabolizes drugs
The kidney is the major site of drug elimination and drugs are excreted in the urine
What is Dose Response?
Provides information about the dosage range over which the drug is effective, provides information on peak response
What is potency?
the dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
What is median effective dose?
E50
Dose at which 50% of the population responds to the drug in a specific manner
