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NS2 Pharm > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology positive effects

A

Mechanisms of action & Indications (uses)

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2
Q

Pharmacology negative effects

A

Adverse Effects and Toxicities

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3
Q

How drug affects body; includes mechanism of action–how drugs induce biochemical and physiological effects

A

Pharmacodynamics

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4
Q

How body affects the drugs; time related physiological process of moving the drug throughout body

A

Pharmakokinetics

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5
Q

Common parameters of pharmacokinetics

A

ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

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6
Q

Field of study of drugs and their effects on humans

A

Pharmacology

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7
Q

Drug that resides in an inactive form (as manufactured) & when administered is transformed (metabolized) into an active compound (capable of inducing pharmacological effect); Example?

A

Pro drug

Example: Clorazepate is pharmacologically inactive until decarboxylated in GI tract

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8
Q

Study of appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms based on clinically and scientifically sound scientific evidence (evidence based medicine)

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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9
Q

A field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic or handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs (therapeutic and adverse effects)

A

Pharmacogenetics

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10
Q

Field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies (actual medication costs & direct and indirect costs of using or not using the medication)

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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11
Q

A field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations

A

Pharmacoepidemiology

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12
Q

What is pharmaceutical equivalence?

A

Same ingredient, same dosage form/route, same strength/concentration and meet the same standards for quality/purity

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13
Q

Same drug but different salts/complexes or different dosage forms or strength

A

Pharmaceutical Alternatives

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14
Q

What are the 3 components are required for a drug to have therapeutic equivalence?

A
  1. Must be pharmaceutically equivalent
  2. Must have same therapeutic (clinical) effect
  3. Must have similar safety profile
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15
Q

What is bioequivalence?

A

Similar rate & extent of absorption (must be within 80-125% of reference product)

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16
Q

What does a primary FDA rated “A” generics mean?

A

The drug is therapeutically equivalent without bioequivalence issues

17
Q

What does a primary FDA rated “B” generics mean?

A

Not therapeutically equivalent and/or significant bio-equivalence issues

18
Q

What are Legend drugs and what are the two categories associated with it?

A

Legend drugs are drugs that require a prescription

2 categories=scheduled and non-scheduled

19
Q

Legend drugs that has no abuse potential like furosemide (Lasix) and cephalexin (Keflex) are called ______

A

Non-scheduled/non-controlled

20
Q

Legend drugs that have abuse/addiction potential and rated CI-CV. What do the numbers mean?

A

Scheduled/Controlled drugs–example=fentanyl (CII)
CI agents have no FDA approved indications
Lower risk of abuse the higher the number so CI abuse potential is high and CV abuse potential is low

21
Q

9 Legal requirements of Prescriptions:

A
  1. Name/address of Prescriber (usually pre-printed)
  2. Name/Address of Patient
  3. Date prescription was written
  4. Name & Strength of medication
  5. Directions for use
  6. Quantity to be dispensed (Number and spelling)
  7. Number of refills allowed (Number and spelling)
  8. Prescriber’s Signature
  9. Prescriber’s DEA Number (2letter &7digit number to personally identify physician)–required by law if medication is scheduled/controlled; required by some payers regardless of schedule/control status
22
Q

How long is the lifespan for a non-controlled legend?

A

12 months or # of refills–whichever occurs first

23
Q

Life span for controlled/scheduled legend

A

6 months or # of refills whichever occurs first AND there is a legal limit on number of refills (5 for C3-C5 and 0 for C2) and a legal limit on quantity dispensed (90 days for C3-C5, 30 days for C2)

24
Q

Partial filling until full quantity of prescription and all refills dispensed is available for which classes of controlled legends?

A

C3-C5; NOT possible for C2 unless pharmacist doesn’t have full quantity or it is for a long term care/Hospice patient

25
Q

All drug prescriptions can be called in/faxed in by a physician or transmitted electronically to provide refills except ____

A

CII–can only be called in by physician during and EMERGENCY
Emergency=immediate administration necessary for Tx and no alternative Tx available that is not a CII substance and prescriber cannot provide written prescription prior to dispensing (72 hrs allowed for delivery of Rx to dispensing pharmacy); quantity limited to amount needed during emergency

26
Q 
1 g=?mg
1mg=?mcg
IEq=?mEq
1kg=?lbs
1kg=?gms
A 
1000
1000
1000
2.2
1000
27
Q 
1tsp=?ml
1tbs=?tsp=?ml
1oz=?tbsp=?tsp=?ml
ml/cc=
1qt=?ml=?pints
1pint=?ml=?oz
1L=?ml
1G=?L=?quarts=?pints
A 
5ml
3tsp, 15ml
2tbsp,6tsp,30ml
Milliliter/cubic centimeter (1/1000th liter)
946 ml=2 pints
473 ml=16oz
1000ml
3.79L, 4 quarts, 8 pints
28
Q 
Q.d.
Bid
Tid
Qid
Qod
Qxh
Days of the week
A 
Every day/daily
Twice daily
Three times daily
Four times daily
Every other day
Every X hours
M, T, W, Th (R), F, Sa, S
29
Q 
Qam
Qpm
Qhs
Prn
Ac
Pc
A 
Every morning
Every evening
Every night at bedtime
As needed
Before meals
After meals
30
Q 
O.d
OS
Ou
Ad
As
Au 
gtt
A 
Right eye
Left eye
Both eyes
Right ear
Left ear
Both ears
Drops
31
Q 
Po
Sl
IV
Im
Sq
Pr
NGT
OGT
A 
By mouth
Sublingually
Intravenously
Intramuscularly
Subcutaneously
Per rectum
Nasogastric tube
Oro gastric tube
32
Q

Ut dict (ud)
Tra
Kvo

A

As directed
To run at
Keep vein open

NS2 Pharm (6 decks)

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