Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology positive effects
Mechanisms of action & Indications (uses)
Pharmacology negative effects
Adverse Effects and Toxicities
How drug affects body; includes mechanism of action–how drugs induce biochemical and physiological effects
Pharmacodynamics
How body affects the drugs; time related physiological process of moving the drug throughout body
Pharmakokinetics
Common parameters of pharmacokinetics
ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
Field of study of drugs and their effects on humans
Pharmacology
Drug that resides in an inactive form (as manufactured) & when administered is transformed (metabolized) into an active compound (capable of inducing pharmacological effect); Example?
Pro drug
Example: Clorazepate is pharmacologically inactive until decarboxylated in GI tract
Study of appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms based on clinically and scientifically sound scientific evidence (evidence based medicine)
Pharmacotherapeutics
A field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic or handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs (therapeutic and adverse effects)
Pharmacogenetics
Field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies (actual medication costs & direct and indirect costs of using or not using the medication)
Pharmacoeconomics
A field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations
Pharmacoepidemiology
What is pharmaceutical equivalence?
Same ingredient, same dosage form/route, same strength/concentration and meet the same standards for quality/purity
Same drug but different salts/complexes or different dosage forms or strength
Pharmaceutical Alternatives
What are the 3 components are required for a drug to have therapeutic equivalence?
- Must be pharmaceutically equivalent
- Must have same therapeutic (clinical) effect
- Must have similar safety profile
What is bioequivalence?
Similar rate & extent of absorption (must be within 80-125% of reference product)
What does a primary FDA rated “A” generics mean?
The drug is therapeutically equivalent without bioequivalence issues
What does a primary FDA rated “B” generics mean?
Not therapeutically equivalent and/or significant bio-equivalence issues
What are Legend drugs and what are the two categories associated with it?
Legend drugs are drugs that require a prescription
2 categories=scheduled and non-scheduled
Legend drugs that has no abuse potential like furosemide (Lasix) and cephalexin (Keflex) are called ______
Non-scheduled/non-controlled
Legend drugs that have abuse/addiction potential and rated CI-CV. What do the numbers mean?
Scheduled/Controlled drugs–example=fentanyl (CII)
CI agents have no FDA approved indications
Lower risk of abuse the higher the number so CI abuse potential is high and CV abuse potential is low
9 Legal requirements of Prescriptions:
- Name/address of Prescriber (usually pre-printed)
- Name/Address of Patient
- Date prescription was written
- Name & Strength of medication
- Directions for use
- Quantity to be dispensed (Number and spelling)
- Number of refills allowed (Number and spelling)
- Prescriber’s Signature
- Prescriber’s DEA Number (2letter &7digit number to personally identify physician)–required by law if medication is scheduled/controlled; required by some payers regardless of schedule/control status
How long is the lifespan for a non-controlled legend?
12 months or # of refills–whichever occurs first
Life span for controlled/scheduled legend
6 months or # of refills whichever occurs first AND there is a legal limit on number of refills (5 for C3-C5 and 0 for C2) and a legal limit on quantity dispensed (90 days for C3-C5, 30 days for C2)
Partial filling until full quantity of prescription and all refills dispensed is available for which classes of controlled legends?
C3-C5; NOT possible for C2 unless pharmacist doesn’t have full quantity or it is for a long term care/Hospice patient
All drug prescriptions can be called in/faxed in by a physician or transmitted electronically to provide refills except ____
CII–can only be called in by physician during and EMERGENCY
Emergency=immediate administration necessary for Tx and no alternative Tx available that is not a CII substance and prescriber cannot provide written prescription prior to dispensing (72 hrs allowed for delivery of Rx to dispensing pharmacy); quantity limited to amount needed during emergency
1 g=?mg 1mg=?mcg IEq=?mEq 1kg=?lbs 1kg=?gms
1000 1000 1000 2.2 1000
1tsp=?ml 1tbs=?tsp=?ml 1oz=?tbsp=?tsp=?ml ml/cc= 1qt=?ml=?pints 1pint=?ml=?oz 1L=?ml 1G=?L=?quarts=?pints
5ml 3tsp, 15ml 2tbsp,6tsp,30ml Milliliter/cubic centimeter (1/1000th liter) 946 ml=2 pints 473 ml=16oz 1000ml 3.79L, 4 quarts, 8 pints
Q.d. Bid Tid Qid Qod Qxh Days of the week
Every day/daily Twice daily Three times daily Four times daily Every other day Every X hours M, T, W, Th (R), F, Sa, S
Qam Qpm Qhs Prn Ac Pc
Every morning Every evening Every night at bedtime As needed Before meals After meals
O.d OS Ou Ad As Au gtt
Right eye Left eye Both eyes Right ear Left ear Both ears Drops
Po Sl IV Im Sq Pr NGT OGT
By mouth Sublingually Intravenously Intramuscularly Subcutaneously Per rectum Nasogastric tube Oro gastric tube
Ut dict (ud)
Tra
Kvo
As directed
To run at
Keep vein open
