Introduction to Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacology positive effects

Answer 1

Mechanisms of action & Indications (uses)

Question 2

Pharmacology negative effects

Answer 2

Adverse Effects and Toxicities

Question 3

How drug affects body; includes mechanism of action–how drugs induce biochemical and physiological effects

Answer 3

Pharmacodynamics

Question 4

How body affects the drugs; time related physiological process of moving the drug throughout body

Answer 4

Pharmakokinetics

Question 5

Common parameters of pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

Question 6

Field of study of drugs and their effects on humans

Answer 6

Pharmacology

Question 7

Drug that resides in an inactive form (as manufactured) & when administered is transformed (metabolized) into an active compound (capable of inducing pharmacological effect); Example?

Answer 7

Pro drug

Example: Clorazepate is pharmacologically inactive until decarboxylated in GI tract

Question 8

Study of appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms based on clinically and scientifically sound scientific evidence (evidence based medicine)

Answer 8

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 9

A field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic or handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs (therapeutic and adverse effects)

Answer 9

Pharmacogenetics

Question 10

Field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies (actual medication costs & direct and indirect costs of using or not using the medication)

Answer 10

Pharmacoeconomics

Question 11

A field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations

Answer 11

Pharmacoepidemiology

Question 12

What is pharmaceutical equivalence?

Answer 12

Same ingredient, same dosage form/route, same strength/concentration and meet the same standards for quality/purity

Question 13

Same drug but different salts/complexes or different dosage forms or strength

Answer 13

Pharmaceutical Alternatives

Question 14

What are the 3 components are required for a drug to have therapeutic equivalence?

Answer 14

1. Must be pharmaceutically equivalent
2. Must have same therapeutic (clinical) effect
3. Must have similar safety profile

Question 15

What is bioequivalence?

Answer 15

Similar rate & extent of absorption (must be within 80-125% of reference product)

Question 16

What does a primary FDA rated “A” generics mean?

Answer 16

The drug is therapeutically equivalent without bioequivalence issues

Question 17

What does a primary FDA rated “B” generics mean?

Answer 17

Not therapeutically equivalent and/or significant bio-equivalence issues

Question 18

What are Legend drugs and what are the two categories associated with it?

Answer 18

Legend drugs are drugs that require a prescription

2 categories=scheduled and non-scheduled

Question 19

Legend drugs that has no abuse potential like furosemide (Lasix) and cephalexin (Keflex) are called ______

Answer 19

Non-scheduled/non-controlled

Question 20

Legend drugs that have abuse/addiction potential and rated CI-CV. What do the numbers mean?

Answer 20

Scheduled/Controlled drugs–example=fentanyl (CII)
CI agents have no FDA approved indications
Lower risk of abuse the higher the number so CI abuse potential is high and CV abuse potential is low

Question 21

9 Legal requirements of Prescriptions:

Answer 21

1. Name/address of Prescriber (usually pre-printed)
2. Name/Address of Patient
3. Date prescription was written
4. Name & Strength of medication
5. Directions for use
6. Quantity to be dispensed (Number and spelling)
7. Number of refills allowed (Number and spelling)
8. Prescriber’s Signature
9. Prescriber’s DEA Number (2letter &7digit number to personally identify physician)–required by law if medication is scheduled/controlled; required by some payers regardless of schedule/control status

Question 22

How long is the lifespan for a non-controlled legend?

Answer 22

12 months or # of refills–whichever occurs first

Question 23

Life span for controlled/scheduled legend

Answer 23

6 months or # of refills whichever occurs first AND there is a legal limit on number of refills (5 for C3-C5 and 0 for C2) and a legal limit on quantity dispensed (90 days for C3-C5, 30 days for C2)

Question 24

Partial filling until full quantity of prescription and all refills dispensed is available for which classes of controlled legends?

Answer 24

C3-C5; NOT possible for C2 unless pharmacist doesn’t have full quantity or it is for a long term care/Hospice patient

Question 25

All drug prescriptions can be called in/faxed in by a physician or transmitted electronically to provide refills except ____

Answer 25

CII--can only be called in by physician during and EMERGENCY Emergency=immediate administration necessary for Tx and no alternative Tx available that is not a CII substance and prescriber cannot provide written prescription prior to dispensing (72 hrs allowed for delivery of Rx to dispensing pharmacy); quantity limited to amount needed during emergency

Question 26

``` 1 g=?mg 1mg=?mcg IEq=?mEq 1kg=?lbs 1kg=?gms ```

Answer 26

``` 1000 1000 1000 2.2 1000 ```

Question 27

``` 1tsp=?ml 1tbs=?tsp=?ml 1oz=?tbsp=?tsp=?ml ml/cc= 1qt=?ml=?pints 1pint=?ml=?oz 1L=?ml 1G=?L=?quarts=?pints ```

Answer 27

``` 5ml 3tsp, 15ml 2tbsp,6tsp,30ml Milliliter/cubic centimeter (1/1000th liter) 946 ml=2 pints 473 ml=16oz 1000ml 3.79L, 4 quarts, 8 pints ```

Question 28

``` Q.d. Bid Tid Qid Qod Qxh Days of the week ```

Answer 28

``` Every day/daily Twice daily Three times daily Four times daily Every other day Every X hours M, T, W, Th (R), F, Sa, S ```

Question 29

``` Qam Qpm Qhs Prn Ac Pc ```

Answer 29

``` Every morning Every evening Every night at bedtime As needed Before meals After meals ```

Question 30

``` O.d OS Ou Ad As Au gtt ```

Answer 30

``` Right eye Left eye Both eyes Right ear Left ear Both ears Drops ```

Question 31

``` Po Sl IV Im Sq Pr NGT OGT ```

Answer 31

``` By mouth Sublingually Intravenously Intramuscularly Subcutaneously Per rectum Nasogastric tube Oro gastric tube ```

Question 32

Ut dict (ud) Tra Kvo

Answer 32

As directed To run at Keep vein open