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RPD-11902 Introduction to Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINITION

Definition for Pharmacology

A

the science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs

Pharmacology = Drugs

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2
Q

PHARMACOLOGY

Others in Pharmacology

4 “Pharma..” and 1 “…cology”

A

pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology

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3
Q

PHARMACOLOGY

Deals with all drugs used in society today

“two related things in differentiate”

A

legal or illegal, including prescription, or non-prescription or over-the-counter medications

OTC refers to medications that you can get from the counter
e.g.panadol

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4
Q

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacokinetics

B to the D

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

A

study on what the body does to the drug

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5
Q

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

D to the B

4 “Pharma…”, 3 “…cology”

A

study on what the drug does to the body

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6
Q

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacotherapeutics

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

A

using drugs to treat diseases

therapeutics - (therapy)

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7
Q

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacognosy

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

A

study on medicines derived from natural sources

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8
Q

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Toxicology

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

A

study on poison and drug toxicity

toxic stuffs…

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9
Q

DEFINITION

Drug

A

any substance used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease or condition

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10
Q

DEFINITION

“drug” derived from old french word

similar word

A

“drogue”

old french word ulala

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11
Q

DEFINITION

“drogue” means

old french word for “drug”

A

dry herb

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12
Q

DRUG

been used interchangeably with

3 points, 2 similar point

A

medicine, pharmaceutical product, pharmaceuticals

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13
Q

DRUG (THE USE)

Example for diagnosis

1. Diagnosis

A

Barium salts

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14
Q

DRUG (THE USE)

Example for prevention

(2) Prevention

A

vaccines, chemoprophylaxis

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15
Q

DRUG (The use)

Example for treatment

(3) treatment

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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16
Q

DRUG (The Use)

Example for Cure

(4) Cure

A

Antibiotics

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17
Q

DRUG (The Use)

Example for Alteration of physiological processes

(5) Alteration of physiological processes

A

hormones, and their derivatives

derivatives = insulin, GH, contraceptives

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18
Q

DRUG

Effects that altering biological functions when a drug is administered or introduced into a living organism

2 POINTS ALTERING BIOLOGICAL

A
  • prove useful in the treatment of disease
  • may causes disease

therapeutic application

toxicity

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19
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

EIGHT sources of drugs

P.A.M.M.M.S.S.B

*3 points from below similar

A
  1. plant
  2. animal
  3. microbial
  4. mineral
  5. synthetic/chemical derivitative
  6. semi-synthetic
  7. biosynthetic

(7) *genetically engineered drugs

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20
Q

SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

many plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for

100 years

Oldest source of drugs

A

centuries

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21
Q

SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Parts that have been used

A

leaves, barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb, etc.

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22
Q

SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap

Where the product is used without further processing

A

crude drug

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23
Q

SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Examples drugs from plants

A

digoxin, vincristine, atrophine, tubocurarine, nicotine

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24
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Animal Sources

medical substances are often derived from the

Many important drugs are derived from animal source

A

animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands

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25
Q

SOURCE OF DRUGS

Animal Sources

Examples drugs from animal sources

A

insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, human chorionic gonadotropin, beeswax, enzymes, and immunoglobulins

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26
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Microbial Sources

Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from

A

microorganisms

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27
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Microbial Sources

Example from Microbial Sources

P from Pennicillium notatum (fungus)

S,C,N from Streptomyces sp. ; B from Bacillus subtilis

A

penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, bacitracin

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28
Q

SOUCES OF DRUGS

Marine source

extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment or cure of many diseases

A

bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna

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29
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Marine source

produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity

A

coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms

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30
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Mineral Sources

Minerals that have been used as drugs since ancient times

M and M

A

metallic and non-metallic minerals

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31
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Minerals Sources

Body requires trace of elements of minerals

A

to maintain homeostasis

32
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Mineral Sources

Ferrous sulfate

Example

one sickness related to blood

A

anemia

33
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Mineral Drugs

Magnesium sulphate

A

purgative

34
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Mineral Sources

Magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate

A

antacids

35
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Marine Sources

Zinc oxide ointment

A

skin protectant

36
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Marine Sources

gold salts

A

anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis

37
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Marine Sources

Selenium

A

anti-dandruff

38
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Synthetic/chemical derivative

synthetic drug is produces using

A

chemical synthesis

39
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Synthetic/chemical derivative

majority of drugs used in clinical pratice are exclusively prepared synthetically in

A

pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory

40
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Synthetic/chemical derivative

synthetically manufactured drugs generally have higher yeilds that are significantly assosiated with

A

quality, purity, and low cost

41
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Synthetic/chemical derivative

example of synthetic drugs

A

sulfonamides, aspirin, paracetamol

42
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic Sources

Known as

A

hybrid drugs

43
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic sources

hybrid drugs are generally made by

A

chemically modifying substances

44
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic sources

chemically modifying substances that are available from

A

natural sources

45
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic sources

natural source used to improve its

A

potensy, efficacy and/or reduce side effects

46
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic sources

used to prepare drugs when may

A

yield impure compounds, the sythesis of drugs (complex molecules) be difficult, expensive, and commercially unviable

47
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Semi-synthetic sources

Examples of semi-synthetic medicine

A

heroin from morphine, ampicillin from penicillin

48
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

new fields which is being developed by mixing discoveries from

Biosynthetic Sources
(genetically engineered drugs)

A

molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alternation, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology

49
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

drugs developed using

Biosynthetic Sources
(genetically engineered drugs)

A

living organisms

50
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

drugs developed using living organisms with the help of

Biosynthetic Sources
(genetically engineered drugs)

A

biotechnology or genetic engineering

biologics, biopharmaceuticals

51
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

drugs has 3 names

A
  • chemical name
  • generic name
  • trade name/brand name
52
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

precise description of its

Chemical Name

A

chemical contituents and the arragement and position of atoms or atomic groups

53
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

Difficulties of Chemical Name to remember

Chemical name

A

long and too cumbersome

54
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

important to

Chemical Name

A

chemists, pharmacists, researchers who work with drugs at the chemical level

55
Q

DRUG NUMENCLATURE

drugs know by

Generic name

A

generic/non-proprietary/official names

56
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

drug is described in

Generic Name

A

official books of reference like pharmacopoeias

57
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

determined by the

Generic Name

A

pharmaceutical company along with a special organization

e.g., U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN)

58
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

different countries, different names for the same drug

Generic Name

U.K dan U.S.A

A

Paracetamol in U.K. and Acetominophen in U.S.A

59
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

known as

Trade Name/Brand Name

A

proprietary name

60
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

name given to a drug by its

Trade Name/Brand Name

A

manufacturer

61
Q

DRUG NOMECLATURE

can become a

Trade Name/Brand Name

A

registered trademark

the only one who can advertise and market the drug under that name

62
Q

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

Chemical Name

Paracetamol (Panadol)

long and too cumbersome

A
  • N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide
63
Q

Generic Name

Paracetamol (Panadol)

A

Paracetamol

or Acetaminophen

64
Q

Trade Name

Paracetamol (Panadol)

Most common name used

A

Panadol

65
Q

Chemical Name

Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan)

Long and too cumbersome

A

2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) aminobenzoic acid

66
Q

Generic Name

Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan)

A

Mefenemic Acid

67
Q

Trade Name

Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan)

Common Name

A

Ponstan

68
Q

CATOGORIES OF DRUGS

Drugs are catogorized as

2 POINTS

A
  1. prescription drugs
  2. non-prescription drugs (OTC)
69
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

Known as

Prescription Drugs

A

poison/controlled medicine

70
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

bought in pharmacy with a prescription from a

Prescription Drugs

A

doctor, dentist, veterinary surgeon

71
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

Reasons why drugs are controlled by prescription

Prescription Drugs

A
  • habit-forming
  • not safe for self-medication
  • intended to treat ailments that require the supervisions of a health professional
  • new and without an established safe track record
72
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

also known as

Non-prescription Drugs

can be bought off the shelves in stores

A

Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs

e.g., panadol

73
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

OTC products generally have a

Non-prescription Drugs

A

greater margin of safety than their prescription counterparts

but can somtimes be abused

74
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

More than one-third of the time people treat their routine health problem with

Non-prescription Drugs

ailments

A

OTC medications

to receive symtomatic relief from their ailments

75
Q

DRUG CLASSIFICATION

Classified from a few prespective

A
  1. clinical indication
  2. pharmocological action
  3. body system
  4. chemical classfications

EXAMPLE
1. Bronchodilator drugs, angina drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensive
2. diuretics, calsium channel blockers, beta-blockers
3. CNS Drugs, cardiovascular Drugs
4. Statins, sulfonamides, penicillins

76
Q

DRUG CLASSIFICATION

A

RPD-11902 Introduction to Pharmacology (1 decks)

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