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Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the biological effects of chemicals.

In clinical practice, health care providers focus on how chemicals act on living organisms.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

______________ - study the medication itself

A

Pharamcists

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3
Q

Remember: Nurses - How we can administer medications safely; familiarize drugs that are about to be given; understand the effects of drugs

❗NURSES ADMINISTER

A

Yes

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4
Q

Chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause change

A

Drugs

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5
Q

A branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose diseases.

A

Pharmacotherapeutics/Clinical Pharmacology

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6
Q

❗ 2 KEY CONCERNS

A
  1. The drug’s effect on the body (different effects)
  2. Body’s response to the drug
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7
Q

4 Basic Terms: DPTC

A

Drugs, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, Clinical Pharmacology

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8
Q

A ___ is defined as any chemical that can affect living processes.

A

drug

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9
Q

The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.

Encompasses the study of the physical and chemical properties of drugs as well as their biochemical and physiologic effects.

Includes knowledge on the history, sources, and uses of drugs as well as drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. (ADME)

A

Pharmacology

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10
Q

also known as pharmacotherapeutics

use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy.

The medical use of drugs

A

Therapeutics

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11
Q

the study of drugs in humans.

the study of drugs in patients as well as in healthy volunteers

A

Clinical pharmacology

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12
Q

___________ → Greek → Poison

A

Pharmakon

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13
Q

Properties of an Ideal Drug

❗ESS❗

A

Effectiveness
Selectivity
Safety

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14
Q

a drug that elicits the responses for which it is given.

________ is the most important property that a drug can have.

A

Effectiveness

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15
Q

___________
is defined as one that cannot produce harmful effects even if administered in very high doses and for a very long time.

A

Safety

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16
Q

is defined as one that elicits only the response for which it is given.

A

Selectivity

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17
Q

REMEMBER:
Selectivity - for the desired effect to cure the symptom

All medications have effects.

No medication does 1 effect, it usually has other effects.

A

Yes

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18
Q

Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug:
❗FLERP C❗

A

Reversible Action
Predictability
Ease of Administration
Freedom from Drug Interactions
Low Cost
Chemical Stability

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19
Q

It is important that drug effects are reversible; we want drug actions to subside within an appropriate time

wearing off of drug

EX: Anesthesia - in 6 hrs you should be awake

A

Reversible action

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20
Q

The certainty just how a given patient should respond

example: improvements on the patient’s status or the course of actions of medications

A

Predictability

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21
Q

should be simple to administer;

the route should be convenient, and the number of doses per day should be low.

A

Ease of administration

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22
Q

When the patient is taking 2 or more drugs, those drugs can interactions may augment or reduce drug responses.

A

Freedom from drug interactions

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23
Q

REMEMBER: Drug to drug interactions - contraindication

A

YES

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24
Q

An ideal drug should be easy to afford

A

Low Cost

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25
Q

ADMINISTRATION

_____________, ____________, ______________, ______________ of administration are important determinants of drug responses.

Poor patient compliance and medication errors by hospital staff can result in major discrepancies.

A

dosage, size, route and timing

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26
Q

Some drugs lose effectiveness during storage.

Others may be stable on the shelf, and can rapidly lose effectiveness when put into solution.

Because of chemical instability, stocks of certain drugs must be periodically discarded

shelf-life, correct storage, expirations

e.g. photosensiitve medications kept away from light

A

Chemical stability

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27
Q

Routes of Medication

A

Oral
IV
IM

Systemic
- Enteral
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Rectal

  • Parenteral
    - Inhalation
    - Transdermal
    - Injections
    - IV
    - IM
    - SQ
    - ID
    - Intra-articular
    - Intra-arterial
    - Intrathecal

Local
- Topical
- Deeper tissues
- Arterial supply

Other
- Vaginal
- Otic
- Ophthalmic
- Intranasal
- Buccal
- Intraosseous

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28
Q

is the most frequently used drug administration route in clinical practice.

non-invasive

less expensive

safest way to deliver drugs

A

Oral route

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29
Q

Non-invasive VS. Invasive

A

Non-invasive - less danger, no involvement of bloodstream

Invasive -dangerous

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30
Q

reach their full strength at the time of administration.

most effective and fastest

A

Intravenous Route (IV)

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31
Q

absorbed directly into the the capillaries in the muscle and sent into circulation

A

Intramuscular Route (IM)

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32
Q

Who absorbs faster? Male or female? Why?

A

Bigger muscle, faster absorption (in males) - due to muscle volume

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33
Q

Determine the route: ointment for skin problems

A

Topical route

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34
Q

what the drug does to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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35
Q

what the body does to the drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

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36
Q

the science dealing with interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals

A

Pharmacodynamics

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37
Q

Drug Actions
Drugs work in one of four ways: ❗RIDI❗

A

to replace or act as substitutes for missing chemicals.

to increase or stimulate certain cellular activities.

to depress or slow cellular activities

to interfere with the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms (chemotherapeutic drugs)

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38
Q

drugs act at specific areas on cell membranes called ______________

A

Receptor Sites

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39
Q

how enzymes fit their substrate. The active site of an enzyme is structured to fit a specifically shaped substrate. Once the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme will facilitate the reaction and release products of the reaction.

EX: Prostaglandins - pain receptor

A

Lock and Key Model

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40
Q

Drugs can also cause their effects by interfering with the enzyme systems that act as a catalyst for various chemical reactions.

A

Drug-Enzyme Interactions

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41
Q

The ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells.

Affects an enzyme unique to bacteria, causing bacterial cell death without disrupting normal human cell functioning

No such thing as a perfect drug, only an ideal drug.

A

Selective Toxicity

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42
Q

involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of drugs. (ADME)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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43
Q

Pharmacokinetics

In clinical practice, pharmacokinetic considerations include the_______________, ____________, _______________, _______________, _______________________, and the_______________________.

A

onset of drug action,
drug half-life,
timing of the peak effect,
duration of drug effects,
metabolism or biotransformation of the drug,
and the site of excretion.

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44
Q

4 Major Pharmacokinetic Processes

A

Drug Absorption
Drug Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Drug Excretion

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45
Q

is the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration.

The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the administration site to the body circulation system.

A

Drug absorption

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46
Q

the disbursement of an unmetabolized drug as it moves through the body’s blood and tissues.

A

Distribution

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47
Q

the biotransformation of pharmaceutical substances in the body so that they can be eliminated more easily.
Drugs can be metabolized by
oxidation,
reduction,
hydrolysis,
hydration,
conjugation,
condensation, or
isomerization;

A

Metabolism

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48
Q

The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the ________.

A

liver

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49
Q

is the removal of an administered drug from the body, either as a metabolite or unchanged drug.

(kidney)

A

excretion

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50
Q

There are many different routes of excretion, including __________, _______, __________, ____________, _____________.
Also __________ - via breastfeeding

❗BUFSS M❗

A

bile
urine
feces
sweat
saliva

milk

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51
Q

the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

Desired dose
- For the desired effect

A

Critical Concentration

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52
Q

some drugs that take a prolonged period to reach a critical concentration; if their effects are needed quickly, a _____________________ is recommended.

A

Loading Dose

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53
Q

a drug used to increase the strength of heart concentrations.

A

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

54
Q

used to treat asthma attacks are often started with a loading dose to reach the critical concentration.

A

Xanthine bronchodilators

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. The critical concentration then is maintained by using the recommended dosing schedule after the loading dose.

A

True

56
Q

REMEMBER: Loading dose - first dose of antibiotic won’t work asap. Dose that is much higher than the prescribed dosage started to trigger the body.

A

Yes

57
Q

the actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body results from a dynamic equilibrium involving

Several factors:
Absorption from the site of entry
Distribution to the active site
Biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver
Excretion from the body

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

58
Q

refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues.

A

Absorption

59
Q

Drugs can be absorbed from many different areas in the body:

❗Ms. Grandmother saw Lisa❗

A
  1. Through the GI tract (orally or rectally administered)
  2. Through mucous membranes.
  3. Through the skin
  4. Through the lungs
  5. Through muscles or subcutaneous tissues
60
Q

Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes:

A

Passive Diffusion
Active Transport
Filtration

61
Q

major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body.

occurs across a concentration gradient; when there is a greater concentration of drug on one side of a cell membrane move to an area of lower concentration.

A

Passive Diffusion

62
Q

a process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane.

often involved in drug excretion in the kidney.

A

Active Transport

63
Q

commonly used in drug excretion.

involves movement through pores in the cell membrane. either down a concentration gradient or as a result of the pull of plasma proteins

A

Filtration

64
Q

Remember:

PD - higher to lower concentration

AT - needs energy (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate

F - movement through pores

A

Yes

65
Q

happens when the drug is taken per orem (by mouth)

a large percentage of the oral dose is destroyed at this point and never reaches the tissues.

___________________- absorption happens, then medication passes through many systems then only few is left for the targeted or specific tissue

A

First-pass Effect

66
Q

a protective system of cellular activity that keeps substances away from the CNS.

drugs that are not lipid-soluble are not able to pass the BBB.

A

Blood Brain Barrier

67
Q

a drug that can pass the BBB.

A

Mannitol

68
Q

the nurse must always check the the ability of a drug to pass into the breast milk when giving a drug to a breat-feeding mother

A

Placenta and Breast Milk

69
Q

________________ happens in the:
enzymes in the liver
lining of the GI tract

A

Biotransformation

70
Q

the removal of a drug from the body.

A

Excretion

71
Q

Some of the routes to excrete drugs: ❗SLSBF u❗

A

Skin,
saliva,
lungs,
bile,
feces

urine

72
Q

organs that plays the most important role in drug excretion;

A

kidneys

73
Q

drugs that have been made water soluble in the liver are often readily excreted from the kidney by the ______________________

A

glomerular filtration

74
Q

To check for kidney function - what methods

A

BUN
Creatinine
GFR - best way or method

75
Q

the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half of the peak level it previously achieved.

EXAMPLE: if a patient takes 20mg of a drug with a half life of 2 hours, the 10 mg of the drug will remain 2h after administration. 2h later, 5mg will be left, in 2 more hours, only 2.5 mg will remain.

A

Half-life

76
Q

term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body

course of the action of the medication before it takes effect.

A

Mechanism of Action

77
Q

undesirable effect of the drug

expected

A

Side Effects

78
Q

refers to the maximum concentration of medication in the body and the client shows evidence of greatest therapeutic effect

Maximum strength
Note: Monitor possible reversible reactions

A

Peak

79
Q

refers to the length of the time the medication produces its desired therapeutic effect.

For example the duration of oral acetaminophen is four to six hours at which time the client will likely require an additional dose for pain

A

Duration

80
Q

refers to when the medication first begins to take effect

A

Onset of Medication

81
Q

Example:
insulin - _____ cells in __________ of pancreas
- Humalog insulin has an onset of 15 minutes.
- Peak or maximum strength is in 30 minutes.

2pm insulin injected
2:30 peak

Onset- the start of the effect

Peak- to check for signs of hypoglycemia

A

beta
islets of langerhans

82
Q

Informations about the drug
Folded paper in a medicine box

A

Drug Literature

83
Q

Side effects - expected effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (N/V/D) - common for most medications

Adverse effects - unexpected

A

yes

84
Q

undesired effects that may be unpleasant or dangerous.

Most common effect: drug allergy

A

Adverse Effects

85
Q

Adverse effects can occur for many reasons:
❗TOSU❗

A

The drug may have other effects on the body besides the therapeutic effect.

The patient is sensitive to the drug being given.

The drug’s action on the body causes other responses that are undesirable.

The patient is taking too much or too little of the drug leading to adverse effects.

86
Q
A
87
Q

Desired therapeutic effect

A

Primary Actions

88
Q

primary effect + beneficial or harmful effect

A

Secondary Actions

89
Q

H1 - allergy
H2 - responsible for gastric

A

histamine

90
Q

H2 blockers - Tidine
Famotidine
Cimetidine
Nizatidine
Ranitidine

Primary -suppresses gastric juices, suppress acid production in your stomach
Secondary - dilates bronchioles

A

yes

91
Q

Some patients have an unusually strong reactions to a drug

This reaction can be triggered by high doses or a certain amount of medication.

e.g. you’ve been taking a drug a long time but it was given in a higher dose then you developed it

A

Hypersensitivity

92
Q

the body’s immune system reacts to a specific drug

A

Drug Allergy

93
Q

Drug Allergy -Since birth

Hypersensitivity - Ma develop allergy

A

yes

94
Q

Types of Drug Allergy

CASD

A

Anaphylactic Reaction
Cytotoxic Reaction
Serum Sickness Reaction
Delayed Allergic Reaction

95
Q

multi-systemic allergic reaction
Airway blockage
Throat swells
Rash, hives urticaria
Lips and periorbital edema
Tongue
Throat

Involves histamine

A

Anaphylactic Reaction

96
Q

reactions that involves the immune systems

A

Cytotoxic Reaction

97
Q

involves the tissues, organs
Joint swelling
Rash and hives

A

Serum Sickness Reaction

98
Q

Dermatological reactions

A

Rash
Hives
Stomatitis

99
Q

the normal flora that protects the body from invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. is destroyed. (antibiotics)

A

Superinfections

100
Q

Toxicity

A

Liver injury
Renal injury
Poisoning

101
Q

Ototoxic-
Nephrotoxic-
Hepatotoxic -

A

Ototoxic- ears
Nephrotoxic- kidneys
Hepatotoxic - liver

102
Q

bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects.

A

Blood dyscrasia

103
Q

Suppression - drugs affects the production of RBC

Depression - own disease

A

yes

104
Q

Symptoms can be anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or any blood disorders.

__________________ - all RBC, WBC, all components of blood are low

A

Pancytopenia

105
Q

Highest to Lowest drug absorption

A

IV
IM
SUBCUTANEOUS
ORAL
TOPICAL

106
Q

Nursing Pharmacology: Nursing Responsibilities
❗AMATI❗

A

Administering drugs

Assessing drug effects

Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable

Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drug regimen

Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors.

107
Q

Sources and Evaluation of Drugs
Sources of drugs : ❗SIPA❗

chemicals that might prove useful as drugs can come from many

A

natural sources, such as plants, animals, or inorganic compounds, or they may be developed synthetically.

108
Q

Plants and plant parts have been used as medicines.

______________ products used to treat cardiac disorders

______________ used for sedation

  • drugs may also be processed using a synthetic version of the active chemical found in a plant. e.g
    _______________ leaf: a synthetic version allows for an accepted form to achieve the desired the therapeutic effect in cancer patients
A

Digitalis
Opiates
Marijuana

109
Q

Used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems.

A

Animal Products

110
Q

The process of altering DNA to produce a substance

A

Genetic Engineering

111
Q

Salts of various elements can have therapeutic effects in the human body.

A

Inorganic Compound

112
Q

decrease gastric acidity

A

Aluminum

113
Q

prevention of dental cavities,
prevention of osteoporosis

A

Fluoride

114
Q

tx of iron deficiency anemia

A

Iron

115
Q

tx of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Gold

116
Q

Scientists use genetic engineering to alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective.

Alter chemicals with proven therapeutic effectiveness to make it better.

A

Synthetic Sources

117
Q

Drug Evaluation

Preclinical Trials - chemicals may have therapeutic value and are tested on animals.

2 purposes:

A

To determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue

To evaluate any adverse effects

118
Q

At the end of clinical trials, chemicals are discarded for the following reasons:

TTTS

A
  1. The chemical lacks therapeutic activity when used with living animals.
  2. The chemical is too toxic to living animals to be worth the risk of developing into drugs.
  3. The chemical is highly teratogenic.
  4. The safety margins are so small that the chemical would not be useful in the clinical setting.
119
Q

A ___________ is anything a person is exposed to or ingests during pregnancy that’s known to cause abnormalities. It affects the fetus inside the uterus.

A

teratogen

120
Q

use healthy human volunteers to test the drugs

trials are performed by specially trained clinical investigators

A

Phase 1 Studies

121
Q

Phase 1:

Reasons chemicals are dropped from the the process: TATT

A

They lack therapeutic effect in human.
They cause unacceptable adverse effects.
They are highly teratogenic
They are too toxic

122
Q

allow clinical investigators to try the drug in patients who have the disease that the drug is meant to treat.
The subject has the condition

A

Phase 2 Studies

123
Q

Phase 2 Studies

Reasons chemicals are dropped from the process: ETAR

A

It is less effective than anticipated.

Too toxic when used with patients.

Produces unacceptable adverse effects

Has a low benefit-to-risk ratio

124
Q

prescribers observe patients very closely for any adverse effects.

prescribers ask patients to keep journals and record any symptoms they experience.

prescribers then evaluate the reported effects to determine whether they are caused by the disease or by the drug.

information are collected and shared with the FDA ( food and drug adminstration)

A

Phase 3 Studies

125
Q
A
126
Q
A
127
Q
A
128
Q
A
129
Q
A
130
Q
A

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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