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PCOL211 - Pharmacology > Introduction To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction To Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of Pharmacology

4PCNET

A
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Pharmacogenetics/-genomics
  • Pharmacoepidemiology
  • Toxicology
  • Posology
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Environmental Pharmacology
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2
Q

Division that encompasses all aspects of the relationship between drugs and humans

A

Clinical Pharmacology

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3
Q

Division pf pharmacology under the discipline of neuroscience that aims to understand the actions of drugs on neurobiological processes in the mammalian nervous system

A

Neuropharmacology

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4
Q

Division that studies genetic causes of individual variations in drug response or simultaneous impact of multiple mutations in the genome that may determine the patient’s response to drug therapy.

A

Pharmacogenetics/Pharmacogenomics

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5
Q

Division that focuses on the utilization and effects of drugs in large numbers of people (usually as a part of post-marketing surveillance)

A

Pharmacoepidemiology

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6
Q

Division of pharmacology that studies the mechanisms by which drugs and chemicals in the environment produce unwanted effects (Toxic dose)

A

Toxicology

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7
Q

Division of pharmacology that is concerned with drug dosage, response, and toxicity

A

Posology

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8
Q

Division that studies drugs obtained from natural resources including plants, microbes, animal tissues, and minerals

A

Pharmacognosy

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9
Q

Division that focuses on the knowledge, study and the methods implemented for amalgamating the presence of pharmaceutical products and their metabolites in the environment

A

Environmental pharmacology

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10
Q

By this time, pharmacy is already an established profession where apothecaries mix and sell their own medicine to cater both medical practitioners and street costumers

A

17th century

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11
Q

These are substances that bring about change in biologic function through chemical actions. These are used in the prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, and treatment of diseases.

A

Drugs

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12
Q

Size variations of drugs according to molecular weight

A

MW 7 (Li) to MW 50,000 (thromolytic enzymes and proteins)

most drugs are between MW 100 - 1000

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13
Q

At what sizes of drugs can they be considered rarely selective or poorly absorbed by the body?

A

Rarely selective = less than 100
Poorly ABS and DIS = greater than 10000

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14
Q

Order of Drug Receptor Bonds according to strength from strongest to weakest

CIHV

A
  1. Covalent bond (irreversible)
  2. Ionic bond (electrostatic)
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Van der Waals
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15
Q

How are drugs named?

A

by Chemical, Generic, and Trade

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16
Q

Generic or nonproprietyary names follow conventions set by what institutions

INN USAN

A
  • International Nonproprietary Names (INN)
  • United States Adopted Name (USAN)
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17
Q

What are the classifications of drugs according to use?

FRDC

A

Functional Modifiers
Replenishers
Diagnostic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Agents

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18
Q

These drugs supplement endogenous substances that are lacking or deficient in the body.

A

**REPLENISHER DRUGS **
* Hormones (Insulin),
* Multivitamins,
* IV fluids, Electrolytes, Oral Rehydration Salts,
* Vit B12 (pernicious anemia)

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19
Q

These drugs alter or modulate body functions and processes

A

FUNCTION MODIFIER DRUGS
[Analgesics, Anti-pyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-hypertensive]

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20
Q

These are agents used to determine any presence or absence of a condition or disease.

A

DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
* Edrophonium (Tensilon),
* Histamine,
* Radiopharmaceuticals,
* Barium Sulfate (BaSO4),
* Dobutamine and Dipyridamole (Pharmacologic Stress Test for cardiac diseases)

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21
Q

Tensilon test is a diagnostic test used to evaluate what disease?

A

myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)

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22
Q

These are agents that kill or inhibit growth of cells or nucleic acid considered as foreign to the body

Selective Toxicity considered

A

Chemotherapeutic Agents
* Anti-infectives
* Antineoplastics

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23
Q

Branch of pharmacology that studies the fate of drugs in the body or the effect the organism has on the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

LADMERT

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24
Q

Branch of pharmacology that studies the action of the drug on the organism

A

Pharmacodynamics

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25
Q

This is the way in which the body handles the drug

how drugs enter/exit the body and how concentrations change over time

A

Drug disposition

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26
Q

pertains to the release of AI from the dosage form

A

Liberation

Disintegration & Dissolution

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27
Q

Factors influencing dissolution

SSSC

A
  • Surface area
  • Salt forms
  • State of Hydration
  • Crystal or Amorphous form
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28
Q

The rate and extent of drug entry into the systemic circulation

A

Absorption

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29
Q

What are the factors affecting absorption?

GFRET PADDDS

A
  • size of dose administered
  • degree of perfusion in the absorbing environment
  • areas of absorbing surface
  • pH of absorbing environment
  • gastric emptying time
  • dosage form
  • drug solubility
  • First pass effect
  • enterohepatic recycling
  • route of administration
  • transport mechanisms
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30
Q

Aspirin is an acidic drug. In the stomach, will it exist mostly in ionized or non-ionized form?

A

Non-ionized. Aspirin is a weak acid and it tends to ionize (give up a H atom) in an aqueous medium at high pH. In a low pH environment like the stomach (pH =2), aspirin is predominantly unionized and crosses membranes into the blood vessels readily.

non-ionized = absorbed; aspirin is absorbed in the stomach

31
Q

To increase the absorption of a basic drug…
To decrease the absorption of an acidic drug

A

alkanize the environment

32
Q

To increase the absorption of a acidic drug…
To decrease the absorption of an basic drug

A

acidize the environment

33
Q

What are the factors affecting the increase of gastric emptying time?

GLDSHH

A

Stress
Heavy exercise
Gastric ulcers
Hot Food
Lying on the left side
Drugs inhibiting gastric motility (Lopermide)

34
Q

What are the factors that decrease the gastric emptying time

GDMCRE

A
  • Gastrectomy
  • Mild excercise
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cold food/drinks
  • Lying on the right side
  • Motility enhancing drugs (bisacodyl)
35
Q

What type of dosage form undergoes liberation and what skips it?

A

solid dosage forms = liberates
solutions = direct to ABS

36
Q

A phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation

A

First-pass Effect

37
Q

This happens when some of the drugs that travel intact through the biliary tract after 1st ABS are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the intestine

A

Enterohepatic recycling

38
Q

These are the means of movement of drug molecule across cell membrane

A

Transport mechanism

39
Q

What are the different modes or mechanisms of drug transport?

PCCVI

A
  • Passive Diffusion
  • Carrier-mediated Transport
  • Convective Transport
  • Vesicular Transport
  • Ion-Pair Transport
40
Q

molecules that can be transported through convective (pore) transport

A
  • organic and inorganic electrolytes (150 - 400 MW)
  • ions of opposite charge
  • ionized sulfonamides
41
Q

molecules that are transported through bulk or vesicular transport

A
  • fats, glycerin, starch,
  • parasite eggs and yeast cells
  • plastic particles
  • hairs
  • Ferritin and insulin
42
Q

molecules that are transported by ion-pair transport

A

QACs (+) and Mucin (-)

uncharged = easily absorbed through cell membrane

43
Q

the process of transport of drug from the bloodstream to the site of action; drug passed into different tissues and fluid compartments of the body

A

Distribution

44
Q

Parameters of Distribution

Vanilla Pumpkin Beer

A

Volume of Distribution
Protein Binding
Blood Brain and Placental Barrier

45
Q

Physiocologic factors affecting Distribution

A
  • Cardiac Output
  • Regional Blood Flow
46
Q

the* hypothetical* volume of body fluid required to dissolve a given amt of dose of drug to achieve conc = drug plasma conc

A

Volume of Distribution

47
Q

Distribution of basic drugs vs acidic drugs

A

Acidic drugs (highly protein-bounded) = low VD
Basic drugs (extensively taken up by tissues) = high VD

A: chlorpropamide, tolbutamide
B: chloroquine, atropine, raloxifene

48
Q

Phenomenon when drug combines with plasma, particularly albumin, or tissue protein to form a complex

A

Protein binding

49
Q

Each protein binders bind to?
* albumin
* alpha acid glycoprotein
* lipoproteins
* globulin
* erythrocytes

A
  • albumin = acidic drugs
  • alpha acid glycoprotein = basic drugs
  • lipoproteins = lipids and proteins
  • globulin = hormones
  • erythrocytes = exo/endogenous compounds
50
Q

Types of hormones that bind to each type of globulin
* alpha 1
* alpha 2
* beta 1
* beta 2
* gamma

A
  • alpha 1 = steroidal drugs
  • alpha 2 (ceruloplasmin) = Vit ADEK
  • beta 1 (transferrin) = ferrous ion
  • beta 2 = carotinoid
  • gamma = antigen
51
Q

Factors affecting protein binding

A
  1. drug
  2. protein
  3. protein affinity to the drug
  4. drug interactions
  5. patient’s physiologic condition
52
Q

What type of drugs can permeate the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid-soluble drugs with very low molecular weight

53
Q

pertains to the proportion of drug delivered to the site of action in the body

A

Bioavailability

54
Q

Tuberculosis Tx; undergoes PhII first before PhI

A

Isoniazid

55
Q

Why is metabolism important? give its purpose

A
  • increase water solubility
  • detoxify
  • terminate pharmacological effect of the drug
56
Q

the time required for any specified property (e.g. the concentration of a substance in the body) to* decrease by half*

A

Half Life

57
Q

drugs that decrease metabolic activity of enzymes to increase pharmacologic action of co-administered drugs

A

Enzyme inhibitors

static as cement

58
Q

Examples of Enzyme inhibitors

CKCDAG

A
  • Isoniazid
  • Cimetidine
  • Ketoconazole
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Disulfiram
  • Grapefruit Juice
  • Acute Alcoholism
59
Q

Drugs that increase metabolic activity of an enzyme, decreasing the pharmacologic action of co-administered drugs

CarbaPhenPhen SCARifamp

A

Enzyme Inducers

fast movers

60
Q

Examples of enzyme inducers

CarbaPhenPhen SCARifamp

A
  • Carbamazepine
  • Phenobarbital
  • Phenytoin
  • Rifampicin
  • Griseofulvin
  • Chronic Alcoholism
  • Smoking
61
Q

Metabolism that polarizes drugs (more water soluble), and adds a chemically reactive functional group (-OH, -SH, -NH2) permitting conjugation in Phase 2;

Functionalization Rxn

A

Phase 1 Metabolism

Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis

62
Q

PH1 add oxygen or hydroxyl

ROH

A

oxidation

CYP450 - Iron

63
Q

Non CYP 450 mediated kinemelins

A
64
Q
A

Azo N=N

65
Q

After phase 1, this is where an endogenous compound such as SO4)2, glucuronic acid, glycine, or glutamine, is added that increases polarity further

Conjugation Reactions

A

Phase 2 metabolism

Detoxification - GSH

66
Q

Purposes of Phase 2 Metaolism

A
  • Detoxification
  • Terminate pharmacologic activity
  • increase water solubility
67
Q

phase 2 reactions that terminate pcol activity

A

Methylation and Acetylation

68
Q

This is a detoxifying agent that combines itself to chemically reactive compounds to prevent damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins

A

Glutathione (GSH)

composed of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid

69
Q
A

Glucuronidation

70
Q

inability of newborns to conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid

A

neonatal hyper-bili-tubi-nemia

71
Q

due to the inability to metabolize chloramphenicol of babies

A

Gray Baby Syndrome

72
Q

Toxic metabolite of Paracetamol

NAPQI

A

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine

73
Q

disease due to inability to acetylize drugs

A

PCOL211 - Pharmacology (3 decks)

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