Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
study of substances that
interact with living systems through chemical processes; interactions usually occur by binding of the substance to regula-
tory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
Pharmacology
the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
Medical Pharmacology
the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems
Toxicology
deals with the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs (ADME).
Pharmacokinetics
concerns the actions of the chemical on the organism.
Pharmacodynamics
the science of drug preparation and the medical uses of drugs
Materia medica
they develop the methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology.
François Magendie & Claude Bernard
cell surface or in the cytoplasm with which drug molecule interacts to trigger a response or effect.
Drug receptor
the study of the genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations.
Pharmacogenomcs/Pharmacogenetics
father of Toxicology - ‘all drugs are poison’
Theophrastus von Hohenheim/ Paracelsus
General principles that the student should remember:
> all substances can under certain circumstances be toxic
the chemicals in botanicals (nutraceuticals) are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for a much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals
all dietary supplements and therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies.
activator
Agonist
inhibitor
Antagonist
target molecule
Receptor
may interact directly with other drugs
Chemical antagonists
interact almost exclusively with water molecules
Osmotic agents
may be defined as any sub-
stance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions.
drug
drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects.
Poisons
usually defined as poisons of biologic origin, ie, synthesized by plants or animals, in contrast to inorganic poisons
such as lead and arsenic.
Toxins
three major types of bonds in drugs:
covalent, electrostatic, and
hydrophobic
are very strong bond and in many cases not reversible under biologic conditions.
Covalent bonds
even in the absence of any agonist, some of the receptor pool may produce the same physiologic effect
as agonist-induced activity.
constitutive activity
drugs that when administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate the receptor pool, can activate their receptor-
effector systems to the maximum extent and cause a shift of almost all of the receptor pool to the Ra–D pool
full agonists
bind to the same receptors and acti-
vate them in the same way but do not evoke as great a response, no matter how high the concentration. Such drugs are said to have low intrinsic efficacy.
partial agonists
conventional antagonist action can be
explained as fixing the fractions of drug-bound Ri and Ra in the same relative amounts as in the absence of any drug; no change in activity will be observed, without effect. However, the presence of the antagonist at the receptor site will block access of agonists to the receptor and prevent the usual agonist effect.
neutral antagonism
drug has a much stronger affinity for the Ri than for the Ra state and stabilizes a large fraction in the Ri –D pool; reduce constitutive activity, opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists at that receptor.
inverse agonists
endogenous molecule can be called an ____. Such binding is not completely without significance because it affects the distribution of drug within the body and determines the amount of free drug in the circulation.
inert binding site
inactive precursor chemical that is readily absorbed and distributed must be administered and then converted to the active drug by biologic processes inside the body.
prodrug
they activate the receptor to signal as a direct result of binding to it.
agonists
they bind to receptors but do not activate generation of a signal; consequently, they interfere with the ability of an agonist to activate the receptor.
antagonists
drugs bind to a different site on the receptor than that bound by endogenous ligands; such drugs can produce useful and quite different clinical effects
allosteric modulators
so-called because their natural ligands are presently unknown; these may prove to be useful targets for future drug development.
orphan receptors
