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Fundamentals of Biomedicine > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Vernonia amygadlina

A

traditional medicine to treat malaria and intestinal parasites

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2
Q

Pica: what is it, best known example associated with:, due to?

A
  • craving for non-nutritious food
  • best known example associated with pregnancy
  • thought to be due to mineral deficiencies
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3
Q

Limitations of traditional medicines:

A

lack of understanding of the nature of disease

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4
Q

Are herbal medicines drugs?

A

yes, they are if they have biological activity

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5
Q

Homeopathy

A

use of extremely low dose of drugs

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6
Q

Law of similars:

A

a successful drug produces symptoms in healthy people similar to the disease in patients

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7
Q

What is a drug?

A
  • beneficial biological activity

- doesn’t include dietary factors such as vitamins unless used in excess of normal dietary intake

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8
Q

Issue with plants as drugs

A
  • many substances are present, increasing likelihood of toxicity
  • quantity of active ingredient present is unknown
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9
Q

Digitalis

A
  • known for its ability to treat dropsy
  • active ingredient in foxglove
  • narrow therapeutic index
  • only pure glycoside used today
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10
Q

St. John’s Wart

A

used to treat depression, induces CYP450’s (CYP3A4 and CYP2C9), causes many drug-drug interactions (Pill, anti-retrovirals)

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11
Q

Paclitaxel

A

anti-cancer and anti-proliferative

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12
Q

Penicillin

A

ability to kill staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

Immunosuppressants:

A
  • cyclosporine
  • tacrolimus
  • rapamycin
  • all inhibit immune system
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14
Q

Hirudin

A

anti-coagulant

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15
Q

Eptifibatide

A

anti-platelet

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16
Q

Conventional drugs

A

use small synthetic molecules

17
Q

Target led vs chemistry led discovery

A
  • chemistry led: select chemical, screen for biological activity, often mechanism unknown but effect known
  • target led: choose a drug target (protein), screen chemicals for binding to target, mechanism known and effect predicted
18
Q

Problems with small molecules:

A
  • many interactions are between proteins, and small molecule inhibitors are not possible
  • chemistry is too difficult
19
Q

Hormones as drugs

A
  • difficult to develop small molecule analogues of hormones
  • purified from animals or from cadavers
  • problems with antigenicity and infectivity
  • now all are produced by molecular biology
20
Q

Issues with vaccinations

A
  • cannot be used to block human receptors

- not reversible

21
Q

Anti-serum

A
  • anti-venin is used to treat snake and spider bites

- usually serum from a horse that has been inoculated with snake venom is used

22
Q

Problems with anti-venin

A
  • horse serum is foreign and can trigger immune reactions
  • anti-horse antibodies can neutralize the anti-venin
  • antibodies can trigger anaphylaxis (serum sickness)
23
Q

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • bind to a single epitope on a single antigen
  • single type of antibody
  • not necessary to use animals in the production
  • large amounts of antibody can be produced
  • predictable batch properties
24
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • expensive to make
  • antigenic leads to HAMA (human-anti-mouse-antibodies)
  • have to be given IV
25
Q

Nucleic acids as drugs

A
  • anti-sense molecules
  • mRNA exists as a single “sense” molecule, complementary mRNA chain can bind and inhibit transcription
  • aptamers are nucleic acid sequences that bind to proteins
26
Q

Alipogene Tiparvovec

A

gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency

27
Q

Strimvelis

A

gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency (SCID)

28
Q

Stem cells: types, differences

A
  • embryonic and adult
  • embryonic: can differentiate into any cell
  • adult: can only differentiate into cells from their tissue of origin
29
Q

Holoclar

A
  • used for blindness due to burning (limbal stem cell deficiency)
  • replaces the damaged stem cells
30
Q

Using animal cells as drugs

A
  • cells can be placed in a diffusion chamber to protect them from immune system but receive nutrients
  • bioartificial endocrine pancreas
  • liver cell bioreactors
31
Q

Drug-coated stents

A
  • use of stents very important in cardiology but issue of re-occlusion
  • drug-coated stents, in particular rapamycin eluting stents are very effective

Fundamentals of Biomedicine (6 decks)

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