Introduction to Pathophysiology

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

Physiology of altered health

Question 2

Difference b/w signs and symptoms.

Answer 2

Signs - measured/detected

Symptoms - what the patient feels

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

Cause/reason for the disease

• Congenital/Acquired
• Idiopathic/Iatrogenic (caused by treatment; i.e. meds)
• Risk factors

Question 4

Pathogenesis

Answer 4

Evolution of a disease from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease manifestations

Question 5

Clinical manifestations

Answer 5

Clinical course of a disease

• Signs or symptoms, or both
• Incubation, prodrome, illness, convalescence

Question 6

Diagnosis

Answer 6

The designation to the nature/cause of a health problem.

History taking&raquo_space; Physical examination&raquo_space; Diagnostic tests

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

Repeated observation/same result

Precision

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

Measurement tool measures what it’s intended to measure

Accuracy

Question 9

Predictive value (PV)

Answer 9

How much the observation/result is able to predict the presence of a disease/condition
- Depends on sensitivity + specificity

Question 10

Epidemiology

Answer 10

Study of disease in populations

• How disease is spread, controlled, prevented, eliminated
• Morbidity, mortality

Question 11

Explain the importance of the natural history of a disease.

Answer 11

• Used as a predictor of outcome for diseases that have no effective treatment
• Provides direction for preventive measures

Question 12

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 12

Simultaneous collection of info for classifying exposure + outcome status

• Used for comparing prevalence of a disease

Question 13

Prevalence

Answer 13

of diseases in the population at a particular point in time

Question 14

Incidence

Answer 14

of diseases occurring within a specified time period

Question 15

Case-control studies

Answer 15

Case vs Control subjects

Question 16

Cohort studies

Answer 16

People born at the same time or share some factor

Question 17

Levels of Prevention

Answer 17

Primary: before the onset
- Ex. modifiable RF

Secondary: immediate intervention
- Ex. screening, tests, etc.

Tertiary: post-problem; minimizing bad effects
- Ex. rehab

Question 18

Labile cells

Answer 18

High turnover rate (regular proliferation + replacement of dead cells)
- Ex. skin, mucous membrane, epithelial cells

Question 19

Stable cells

Answer 19

Only proliferates under stimulation, not in normal situation

Question 20

Permanent cells

Answer 20

Never grow new cells again

- Ex. nerve cells

Question 21

Cellular regulation

Answer 21

All the functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
- Intracellular responses to extracell. signals

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

Programmed cell death

• Eliminates cells that are: worn out, excess production, improperly developed, genetic damage, embryogenesis
• One of the regulators of cell proliferation

Question 23

What happens to cells during aging?

What are possible causes of this?

Answer 23

Aging is a progressive decrease in proliferative + reparative capacity of cells.
- Exposure to environmental factors, DNA + metabolic damage

Question 24

Dysplasia

Answer 24

Abnormal development of cells within tissues/organs

- Disorderly growth

Question 25

Metaplasia

Answer 25

A conversion of cell types | - Organized growth

Question 26

What does tissue renewal + repair involve?

Answer 26

``` Cell proliferation (division) - Regulated by contact inhibition + apoptosis ``` Cell differentiation (specialization) - Embryonic cells must differentiate - Abnormal conditions: well, poorly, undifferentiated Cell growth - Controlled by growth promoting + suppressing proto-oncogenes

Question 27

Contact inhibition

Answer 27

The physical contact of plasma membranes of one cell to another that signals stop to growth - One of the regulators of cell proliferation

Question 28

Neoplasia

Answer 28

Abnormal cell growth + differentiation

Question 29

List genes that control cell growth + replication.

Answer 29

- Proto-oncogenes - Tumor suppressor genes - Genes that control apoptosis - Regulators of repair of damaged DNA

Question 30

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 30

Normal, non-mutant gene that codes for cellular growth (frequency of cell division)

Question 31

Oncogenes

Answer 31

Mutated form of proto-oncogenes | - Cell divides too quickly

Question 32

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 32

aka "anti-oncogenes" - Encodes proteins that in their normal state, negatively regulate proliferation - Is inactivated during cancer

Question 33

How are neoplastic cells killed off in normal conditions?

Answer 33

NK cells, cytotoxic T-cells, ABs

Question 34

Carcinogenesis

Answer 34

When carcinogenic agents convert normal cells into cancer cells

Question 35

Molecular factors of neoplasm

Answer 35

- Family history, genetic defects (cancer susceptible genes)* - Large doses of tumor cells - Cell modulation - Chemicals, radiation

Question 36

What enhances neoplastic growth?

Answer 36

Inappropriate suppressor T-cell activity + blocking ABs