Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
development of disease through a sequence of events that produces cellular changes
PATHOGENESIS
an abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury
DISEASE
observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process (signs & symptoms)
MANIFESTATIONS
subjective evidence of a disease as perceived by a patient
SYMPTOM
objective evidence of disease detected by a physician
SIGN
a group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance (disease)
SYNDROME
showing or causing no identifiable symptoms
ASYMPTOMATIC
study of the cause of a disease
ETIOLOGY
hospital acquired disease
NOSOCOMIAL
pertaining to an adverse condition that occurs in a patient as a result of medical treatment
IATROGENIC
a disease with no identifiable causative factor
IDIOPATHIC
disease with a quick onset and short duration
ACUTE
disease that manifests slowly and lasts a long period of time
CHRONIC
lasting effects caused by a previously acquired disease
SEQUELAE
the identification of a disease an individual is believed to have
DIAGNOSIS
the predicted course and outcome of a disease
PROGNOSIS
structure of cells or tissue
MORPHOLOGY
wasting of cells, tissues, or organs as a result of poor nutrition or nonuse
ATROPHY
the study of disease in large groups
EPIDEMIOLOGY
the number of cases found in a given population
PREVALENCE
the number of new cases found in a given period
INCIDENCE
an epidemic occurring at the same time in many different parts of the world
PANDEMIC
the rapid, widespread occurrence of a disease in a large number of people in a given population
EPIDEMIC
average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population
MORTALITY RATE
incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine
MORBIDITY RATE
the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
GENOME
type of genetic mapping used to determine the physical location of a particular gene on a specific chromosome
PHYSICAL MAPPING
a map assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes, assigning distances between genetic markers
GENETIC MAPS
common patterns of genetic variations of single DNA bases
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS
a combination of DNA sequences at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together
HAPLOTYPE
a generalized increase in cell size
HYPERTROPHY
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation
HYPERPLASIA
abnormal transformation of a specific differentiated cell into a differentiated cell of another type
METAPLASIA
abnormal changes in mature cells
DYSPLASIA
absence of tumor cell differentiation, loss of cellular organization
ANAPLASIA
diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors
CONGENITAL
genetically transferred from either parent to child and derived from ancestors
HEREDITARY
referring to the body’s process of destroying, diluting, or walling offa localized injurious agent
INFLAMMATORY
antibodies that act against their own tissue or organism
AUTOANTIBODIES
diseases in which antibodies form against and injure the patient’s own tissues
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
an inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism
INFECTION
the ease with which an organism can cause disease
VIRULENCE
diseases caused by deterioration of the body
DEGENERATIVE
the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body
METABOLISM
type of disease resulting from the effects of a wound or injury, whether physical or psychological
TRAUMATIC
type of disease that results in new, abnormal tissue growth
NEOPLASTIC
functional as opposed to supporting tissues
PARENCHYMAL
a tomor composed of well-differentiated cells with uncontrolled growth (localized & non-invasive)
BENIGN NEOPLASM
tumor exhibiting loss of control o both cell proliferation and differentiation (invasive & Functionally changed)
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
the spreading of cancer cells
METASTATIC SPREAD
the spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system
HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
the spread of cancer cells via the lymphatic system
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
the spread of cancer cells into surrounding tissues due to proximity
INVASION
traveling of cancer cells to a distant site or distant organ
SEEDING
describes the many types of cellular changes that may occur in response to disease
LESION
cancer derived from epithelial tissue
CARCINOMA
cancer derived from connective tissues
SARCOMA
cancer derived from blood cells
LEUKEMIA
cancer derived from lymphatic cells
LYMPHOMA
In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter T stand for?
TUMOR - increasing numbers represent the size of the untreated tumor (T0-T4)
In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter N stand for?
NODE - increasing numbers represent the increasing involvement of lymph nodes (N0-N3)
In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter M stand for?
METASTASIS - indicates the presence or absence of distant metastasis (M0-M1)
How are neoplastic cells staged?
on a scale from I (well differentiated) to IV (poorly differentiated)
