Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

development of disease through a sequence of events that produces cellular changes

Answer 1

PATHOGENESIS

Question 2

an abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury

Answer 2

DISEASE

Question 3

observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process (signs & symptoms)

Answer 3

MANIFESTATIONS

Question 4

subjective evidence of a disease as perceived by a patient

Answer 4

SYMPTOM

Question 5

objective evidence of disease detected by a physician

Answer 5

SIGN

Question 6

a group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance (disease)

Answer 6

SYNDROME

Question 7

showing or causing no identifiable symptoms

Answer 7

ASYMPTOMATIC

Question 8

study of the cause of a disease

Answer 8

ETIOLOGY

Question 9

hospital acquired disease

Answer 9

NOSOCOMIAL

Question 10

pertaining to an adverse condition that occurs in a patient as a result of medical treatment

Answer 10

IATROGENIC

Question 11

a disease with no identifiable causative factor

Answer 11

IDIOPATHIC

Question 12

disease with a quick onset and short duration

Answer 12

ACUTE

Question 13

disease that manifests slowly and lasts a long period of time

Answer 13

CHRONIC

Question 14

lasting effects caused by a previously acquired disease

Answer 14

SEQUELAE

Question 15

the identification of a disease an individual is believed to have

Answer 15

DIAGNOSIS

Question 16

the predicted course and outcome of a disease

Answer 16

PROGNOSIS

Question 17

structure of cells or tissue

Answer 17

MORPHOLOGY

Question 18

wasting of cells, tissues, or organs as a result of poor nutrition or nonuse

Answer 18

ATROPHY

Question 19

the study of disease in large groups

Answer 19

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 20

the number of cases found in a given population

Answer 20

PREVALENCE

Question 21

the number of new cases found in a given period

Answer 21

INCIDENCE

Question 22

an epidemic occurring at the same time in many different parts of the world

Answer 22

PANDEMIC

Question 23

the rapid, widespread occurrence of a disease in a large number of people in a given population

Answer 23

EPIDEMIC

Question 24

average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population

Answer 24

MORTALITY RATE

Question 25

incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual's normal daily routine

Answer 25

MORBIDITY RATE

Question 26

the entirety of an organism's hereditary information

Answer 26

GENOME

Question 27

type of genetic mapping used to determine the physical location of a particular gene on a specific chromosome

Answer 27

PHYSICAL MAPPING

Question 28

a map assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes, assigning distances between genetic markers

Answer 28

GENETIC MAPS

Question 29

common patterns of genetic variations of single DNA bases

Answer 29

SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS

Question 30

a combination of DNA sequences at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together

Answer 30

HAPLOTYPE

Question 31

a generalized increase in cell size

Answer 31

HYPERTROPHY

Question 32

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation

Answer 32

HYPERPLASIA

Question 33

abnormal transformation of a specific differentiated cell into a differentiated cell of another type

Answer 33

METAPLASIA

Question 34

abnormal changes in mature cells

Answer 34

DYSPLASIA

Question 35

absence of tumor cell differentiation, loss of cellular organization

Answer 35

ANAPLASIA

Question 36

diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors

Answer 36

CONGENITAL

Question 37

genetically transferred from either parent to child and derived from ancestors

Answer 37

HEREDITARY

Question 38

referring to the body's process of destroying, diluting, or walling offa localized injurious agent

Answer 38

INFLAMMATORY

Question 39

antibodies that act against their own tissue or organism

Answer 39

AUTOANTIBODIES

Question 40

diseases in which antibodies form against and injure the patient's own tissues

Answer 40

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

Question 41

an inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism

Answer 41

INFECTION

Question 42

the ease with which an organism can cause disease

Answer 42

VIRULENCE

Question 43

diseases caused by deterioration of the body

Answer 43

DEGENERATIVE

Question 44

the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body

Answer 44

METABOLISM

Question 45

type of disease resulting from the effects of a wound or injury, whether physical or psychological

Answer 45

TRAUMATIC

Question 46

type of disease that results in new, abnormal tissue growth

Answer 46

NEOPLASTIC

Question 47

functional as opposed to supporting tissues

Answer 47

PARENCHYMAL

Question 48

a tomor composed of well-differentiated cells with uncontrolled growth (localized & non-invasive)

Answer 48

BENIGN NEOPLASM

Question 49

tumor exhibiting loss of control o both cell proliferation and differentiation (invasive & Functionally changed)

Answer 49

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM

Question 50

the spreading of cancer cells

Answer 50

METASTATIC SPREAD

Question 51

the spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system

Answer 51

HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD

Question 52

the spread of cancer cells via the lymphatic system

Answer 52

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

Question 53

the spread of cancer cells into surrounding tissues due to proximity

Answer 53

INVASION

Question 54

traveling of cancer cells to a distant site or distant organ

Answer 54

SEEDING

Question 55

describes the many types of cellular changes that may occur in response to disease

Answer 55

LESION

Question 56

cancer derived from epithelial tissue

Answer 56

CARCINOMA

Question 57

cancer derived from connective tissues

Answer 57

SARCOMA

Question 58

cancer derived from blood cells

Answer 58

LEUKEMIA

Question 59

cancer derived from lymphatic cells

Answer 59

LYMPHOMA

Question 60

In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter T stand for?

Answer 60

TUMOR - increasing numbers represent the size of the untreated tumor (T0-T4)

Question 61

In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter N stand for?

Answer 61

NODE - increasing numbers represent the increasing involvement of lymph nodes (N0-N3)

Question 62

In the TNM system of classifying the stage of cancer, what does the letter M stand for?

Answer 62

METASTASIS - indicates the presence or absence of distant metastasis (M0-M1)

Question 63

How are neoplastic cells staged?

Answer 63

on a scale from I (well differentiated) to IV (poorly differentiated)