Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

“The beginning of health is to know the disease” is a

Answer 1

Spanish Proverb

Question 2

Medicine to produce health has to examine the disease

Answer 2

Plutarch

Question 3

“The practice of medicine is as good as your understanding of Pathology

Answer 3

William Osler

Question 4

What is Pathology?

Answer 4

derived from pathos= suffering logos= study, can be defined as the study of the disease, disease process along with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs that is caused by a disease.

Question 5

What is Pathology?

Answer 5

derived from pathos= suffering logos= study, can be defined as the study of the disease, disease process along with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs that is caused by a disease.

Question 6

pathophysiology

Answer 6

pathos= suffering physiology = study of normal function

Question 7

Etiology

Answer 7

this is what causes a lesion

Question 8

Lesion

Answer 8

changes in structural and fxn in a tissue and organs caused by a disease

Question 9

Etiology can divided into

Answer 9

Genetic and Acquired

Question 10

Pathogenesis

Answer 10

These are a series of patterns by which lesions are produced, the process of cellular injury that lead to a disease.

Question 10

Pathogenesis

Answer 10

These are a series of patterns by which lesions are produced, the process of cellular injury that lead to a disease.

Question 11

Morphological changes

Answer 11

Changes in the physical appearance of a lesion.

can be Macroscopic and Microscopic

Question 12

Symptoms

Answer 12

These are the changes in the bodily function that is caused by a lesion.

Question 13

Clinical signs

Answer 13

these are a series of indications of a particular disease that is seen upon clinical examination.

Question 14

Syndrome

Answer 14

it is a combination of clinical signs and symptoms that is seen in particular disease condition.

Question 15

prognosis

Answer 15

possible outcome of a disease

Question 16

treatment

Answer 16

what is done to alleviate the symptoms of a disease

Question 17

prevention

Answer 17

what is done to prevent future complications

Question 18

what was the earliest approach to disease by human kind

Answer 18

irrational beliefs and magic

Question 19

between 1500-1850AD

Answer 19

from gross anatomy to pathologic era

Question 20

1800-1950

Answer 20

the beginning of modern tech and cellular Pathology

Question 21

what about between 1950 till now

Answer 21

modern pathology

Question 22

Greek Gods of healing

Answer 22

Apollo and Ascelpios

Question 23

Father Medicine

Answer 23

Hippocrates

Question 24

What were the contributions of the "Father of Medicine"?

Answer 24

Formation the humoral theory The uses of disease prognosis Systemic classification of diseases

Question 25

Leonardo da Vinci's contribution

Answer 25

(1452-1519) first accurate anatomical painting of the human body.

Question 26

Andrea's Vesalius contrubution

Answer 26

(1514-1564) dissected executed prisoners

Question 27

Anthony van Leuweenhok

Answer 27

invented microscope and first staining using saffron for muscle fibres

Question 28

Gabriel Fallopius

Answer 28

1523-1562 discovery of the oviducts

Question 29

Marcello Malpighi

Answer 29

1624-1694 father of histology, discovered and described the Malphigian layer of the skin

Question 30

Giovanini Morgagni

Answer 30

1682-1771 discredited the humoral theory, published his lifetime works based 700 postmortem dissections.

Question 31

Xavier Bichat

Answer 31

1771-1802 described that organs where made of tissues

Question 32

von Rokitansky

Answer 32

1804-1878 postulated that the role of pathologist should be to diagnose diseases

Question 33

who proposed the germ theory of disease

Answer 33

Louis Pasteur

Question 34

who is credited with being the first to examine diseased cellular tissue?

Answer 34

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1905)

Question 35

who is considered the father of cellular pathology?

Answer 35

Rudolf Virchow

Question 36

who introduced frozen dissections of tissue

Answer 36

Julius Conheim

Question 37

George Papanicolau

Answer 37

discovered pap smear test for cervical cancer

Question 38

discovery of DNA structure was by who

Answer 38

Watson and Crick 1953

Question 39

discovery of the no of chromosomes

Answer 39

Tijo and Levan 1963

Question 40

what did Kary Mullis discover?

Answer 40

PCR test 1983

Question 41

in situ hybridization was discovered when?

Answer 41

1969

Question 42

how about recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 42

1972

Question 43

what year was the human genome sequenced?

Answer 43

2003

Question 44

Dolly the sheep was cloned when?

Answer 44

1997 by Ian Wilmut.

Question 45

Surgical Pathology

Answer 45

study of sectioned tissues

Question 46

Forensic Pathology

Answer 46

study of tissues and organs of postmortem corpses for medico legal reasons

Question 47

Cytopathology

Answer 47

study of cells shed from lesions and fine needle aspirations.

Question 48

Pathological examination

Answer 48

includes Gross and Microscopic examination

Question 49

Examples of Special Stains

Answer 49

Congo Red, Prussian Blue ,H&E, GRAM stain, etc.

Question 50

Immunohistochemical stains

Answer 50

HER-2/neu, Veratin, Desmin, Cytokeratin, ER, PR.

Question 51

Application of Immunochemical stains

Answer 51

1. To diagnose cancer of unknown osteogenesis 2. For infections 3. To predict response to therapy 4. To understand prognostic markers of cancers

Question 52

H&E stains blue to purple for

Answer 52

Nucleus, Nucleoli, Bacteria, Calcium etc.