Introduction to Orthopaedics

Question 1

Definitions

Answer 1

-Orthopaedics- study that deals with the prevention or correction of injuries or disorders of the skeletal system
-Fracture- a break in bone or cartilage
-Dislocation- displacement of a body a body part from normal position
-Subluxation- incomplete dislocation of a joint.

Question 2

Types of loads to bone

Answer 2

-tension
-compression
-bending
-shear
-torsion/twist
-torsion and compression combo

Question 3

Types of fractures

Answer 3

-traumatic is due to sustained trauma
-pathological- due to bone that has been weakened by underlying disease
-periprosthetic is at the point of mechanical weakness or end of implant

Question 4

Causes of fractures

Answer 4

-direct
-indirect
-pathological
-stress or fatigue
-avulsion- pull of muscle

Question 5

Classification of fractures

Answer 5

-open or closed
-shape or line fractures
-displaced,unplaced,impacted or stable

Question 6

Common types of fractures

Answer 6

-comminuted is when bones breaks into many fragments
-compressed and depressed
-impacted is when bone ends are foced into each other
-spiral due to twisting forces
-greenstick is when bone breaks incompletely
-transverse and oblique
-segmental and avulsed
-torus

Question 7

Forms of fracture displacement

Answer 7

-displacement/translation
-angulation/tilt
-rotation
-shortening
-impaction

Question 8

Gustillo classification of open fractures

Answer 8

-Type 1= wound <1cm
-Type 2= 1-10cm with no significant soft tissue stripping
-Type 3a= >10cm with gross contamination but bone coverage adequate
-Type 3b= extensive soft tissue stripping that needs flap coverage
-Type 3c= large wound with arterial injury

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of fractures

Answer 9

• pain due to continual breaking of periosteum and endosteum
  -edema
  -muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments together.
  -damage to adjacent structures

Question 10

Diagnoses

Answer 10

-subjective and objective
-radiographic imaging
-ST involvement