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Chemistry Organic 1 > Introduction to Organics (Chapter 11) > Flashcards

Introduction to Organics (Chapter 11) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a π bond?

A

A double covalent bond where there is an overlap of p orbitals.

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2
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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3
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulas but a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

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4
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

Where there is a different carbon chain.

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5
Q

What is a positional isomer?

A

Caused by the function group being in a different position.

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6
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Caused by having a different functional group.

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7
Q

What is an E-Z isomer?

A

Caused by molecules with a C=C with two different groups attached to each C.

They exist due to restricted rotation around the C=C bond.

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8
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Caused by C atoms having four different groups attached leading to molecules that are superimposable mirror images of each other.

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9
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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10
Q

What is meant by saturated?

A

Single carbon bonds only

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11
Q

What is meant by unsaturated?

A

Contains a C=C bond

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12
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

Formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

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13
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of each element in the compound

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14
Q

What is general formula?

A

Algebraic formula for homologous series e.g CnH2n

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15
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule.

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16
Q

What is structural formula?

A

Shows the minimum detail that shows the arrangement of atoms present in a molecule.

17
Q

What is the shape and bond angle around the carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Tetrahedral, 109.5

18
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

Show the simplified organic structure, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, just leaving the carbon atoms and associated functional groups.

19
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have the same chemical properties.

20
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula.

21
Q

What are properties of homologous series?

A
  • They show gradual change in physical properties e.g. boiling point
  • Each member differs by CH2 from the last
  • Same chemical properties
22
Q

What is the order of priority/precedence of functional groups from highest to lowest?

A 
Carboxylic acid - highest
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenalkanes - lowest
23
Q

How are compounds with more than one functional group named?

A

Using the order of precedence.

Highest precedence takes the suffix (and lowest number on carbon chain) with all others taking prefix form.

Double and triple C-C bonds take suffix form only.

24
Q

What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?

A
  • Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately
  • Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain
  • Add the appropriate preface for each branch chain
25
Q

What are the basic rules for naming functional groups?

A
  • If the suffix starts with a vowel, remove the -e from the stem alkane name e.g. propane-1-ol, butane-1-amine, ethanoic acid, ethanoylchloride, butanamine
  • If the suffix starts with a consonant or there are two or more functional groups, meaning di or tri need to be used, then don’t remove -e from stem alkane name e.g. propanenitrile, ethane-1,2-diol, propanedioic acid, propane-1,2,3-triol, pentane-2,4-dione.
26
Q

Define Nucleophile

A

Molecule/ion with a lone pair of electrons to form new bonds (e- donor)

27
Q

Define Electrophile

A

Molecule/ion that attacks e- rich part of molecules e.g. c=c bond (e- acceptor)

28
Q

Define Addition Reaction

A

2 Molecules join to make a single product

29
Q

Define Substitution Reaction

A

Atom (or group of atoms) are replaced by another atom form group of atoms

30
Q

Define Elimination Reaction

A

Removal of part of a molecule, crating an unsaturated compound e.g. c=c bond

31
Q

Define Hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen to a compound/molecule

32
Q

Define Dehydrogenation

A

Removal of hydrogen from a compound/molecules

33
Q

Define Hydration

A

Addition of a water molecules to a compound/molecule

Chemistry Organic 1 (6 decks)

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