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AQA Organic Chemistry > Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basis of all organic chemistry?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon form and why?

A

Hybridisation causes an S orbital electron to be promoted to a P orbital so carbon now has 4 orbitals available for electron pairing. Therefore carbon can form 4 covalent bonds.

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3
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

Sigma bonds are very strong single covalent bonds and are formed by the orbital overlap directly between the two nuclei of the bonding atoms. There is free rotation around a sigma bond.

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4
Q

When do sigma bonds occur?

A
  • S-S orbitals- S-P orbitals- P-P end to end orbitals
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5
Q

What does single bond rotation lead to?

A

Different displayed representations of the same molecule. This can also affect how carbon chains are represented.

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6
Q

How do you name organic molecules?

A

Find the longest carbon chain and highlight it and then add side chains

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7
Q

What is the alkane group?

A

C-C

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8
Q

What is the alkane suffix?

A

…ane

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9
Q

What is the halogenoalkane group?

A

C-X

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10
Q

What is the halogenoalkane prefix?

A

Chloro/Fluoro/Bromo/Iodo…

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11
Q

What is the alkene group?

A

C=C

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12
Q

What is the alkene suffix?

A

…ene

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13
Q

What is the alcohol group?

A

C-O-H

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14
Q

What is the alcohol prefix?

A

hydroxy…

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15
Q

What is the alcohol suffix?

A

…ol

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16
Q

What is the aldehyde group?

A

H-C=O

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17
Q

What is the ketone group?

A

CCOC

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18
Q

What is the carboxylic acid group?

A

COOH

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19
Q

What is the amine group?

A

CNHH

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20
Q

What is the amine prefix?

A

Amino…

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21
Q

What is the aldehyde suffix?

A

…al

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22
Q

What is the ketone suffix?

A

…one

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23
Q

What is the carboxylic acid suffix?

A

…anoic acid

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24
Q

General formula

A

For a homologous series

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25
Q

Molecular formula

A

Number of each type of atom

26
Q

Displayed formula

A

All covalent bonds on display

27
Q

Structural formula

A

Shows structure carbon by carbon with no bonds

28
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms

29
Q

Skeletal formula

A

Only shows carbon to carbon bonds and functional groups

30
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 1 carbon?

A

meth…

31
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 2 carbons?

A

eth..

32
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 3 carbons?

A

prop…

33
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 4 carbons?

A

but…

34
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 5 carbons?

A

pent…

35
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 6 carbons?

A

hex…

36
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 7 carbons?

A

hept…

37
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 8 carbons?

A

oct…

38
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 9 carbons?

A

non…

39
Q

Name of a carbon chain with 10 carbons?

A

dec…

40
Q

What is the IUPAC nomenclature?

A

The systematic naming system for organic compounds

41
Q

Why do you use a numbering system?

A

To identify the location of the functional group or alkyl side chain

42
Q

What is an alkyl side chain?

A

Hydrocarbon branches off the longest chain

43
Q

When is the numbering system used?

A

When the position of a functional group on a carbon chain needs to be clarified

44
Q

Which numbers should be used?

A

The lowest numbers

45
Q

What order should groups be in?

A

Alphabetical

46
Q

What is used when 2 of the same group are present?

A

di-

47
Q

What is used when 3 of the same group are present?

A

tri-

48
Q

Aliphatic

A

Organic compound that consists of carbon chains. These may be straight or cyclical. All electrons fixed in covalent bonds

49
Q

Aromatic

A

Organic compounds that contain a ring structure with delocalised pi electrons

50
Q

Functional Group

A

A group of atoms in an organic molecule that give it distinctive chemical properties

51
Q

Homologous Series

A

A series of organic molecules that have the same general formula and have similar chemical properties

52
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

53
Q

Nucleophile

A

An electron rich species that donates a pair of electrons to create a covalent bond

54
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons to create a covalent bond

55
Q

Addition

A

An atom or a group of atoms is added to an organic molecule

56
Q

Substitution

A

An atom or group of atoms is swapped for another

57
Q

Elimination

A

An atom or group of atoms is removed from an organic molecule

58
Q

Oxidation

A

Addition of oxygen/ removal of hydrogen in oxygen containing molecules

59
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of hydrogen/ removal of oxygen in oxygen containing molecules

60
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water

61
Q

Polymerisation

A

The joining together of individual molecules to create a larger chain

62
Q

Mechanism

A

Shows the movement of electron pairs in an organic reaction. Electron pair movement represented by a curly arrow

AQA Organic Chemistry (1 decks)

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