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Chemistry > Introduction To Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the the two main group chemical compounds are divided into?

A

Organic compounds and inorganic compounds

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2
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds made from carbon atoms, together with atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen and the halogens

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3
Q

Which carbon based compounds are considered to be inorganic compounds?

A

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

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4
Q

What is organic chemsitry?

A

The study of all carbon-based compounds

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5
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds made from atoms other than carbon

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6
Q

Why are carbon atoms the basis of organic chemistry?

A
  • carbon is in group 4 with the electronic configuration 1s22s22p2
  • has four electrons available for bonding.
  • they have the ability to make strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with other non-metal atoms
  • chains of atoms in carbon polymers can reach thousands of atoms long and can include single and double bonds
  • carbon can also join together to form ring and stage structures
  • it is carbon’s ability to form strong links with itself and other non-metals that accounts for the incredibly varied and often great complexity of carbon-based structures
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7
Q

What are the mean bond enthalpies for carbon single, double and triple bonds?

A
  • C-C: 347 KJ mol-1
  • C=C: 612 KJ mol-1
  • triple bond: 838 KJ mol -1
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8
Q

What structure does a carbon atom have?

A

The four covalent bonds around a carbon atom form a tetrahedral structure

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9
Q

What is the empirical formulae?

A

Gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule

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10
Q

What does the molecular formula show?

A

It tells you how many of each type of atom is used to make a molecule

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11
Q

What are the types of formulae commonly used in organic chemistry?

A
  • general formula
  • structural formula
  • displayed formula
  • skeletal formula
  • empirical formula
  • molecular formula
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12
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A general formula allows you to find the formula of a particular molecule by substituting values for n. The general formula for an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

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13
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

It gives the numbers and types of atoms used to make a new compound. But it also shows the sequence in which the atoms bond together. E.g. the structural formula for propene is CH3CH=CH2

If there is a methyl group brackets are used to represent this: 2-methylpropane: CH3CH(CH3)CH3

Structural formulae can also use lines to show the bonds between atoms. E.g. propane CH3-CH2-CH3

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14
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

It shows every bond and every atom in a compound

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15
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

All the hydrogen atoms have been removed, leaving a carbon skeleton with functional groups attached. The carbon atoms are not shown.

In a skeletal formula There is:
• a carbon atom at every bond juction in the chain plus one at the end of each bond
• enough hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon to make the total number of bonds on that carbon up to four

The skeletal formula or butan-2-ol is:

\/\
I
OH

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16
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The reactive part of the molecule, all organic compounds with the same functional group will behave in a similar way chemically

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17
Q

What is a homogolous series?

A

A group of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

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18
Q

What does the size of an alkene molece affect?

A

It’s physical characterisitics such as melting point and boiling point

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19
Q

What’s the functional group of alkanes?

A

C-H

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20
Q

What’s the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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21
Q

What’s the functional group of Haloalkanes?

A

-X

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22
Q

What’s the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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23
Q

What’s the functional group of aldehydes?

A

H
I
-C = O

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24
Q

What’s the functional group of ketones?

A

C=O

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25
Q

What’s the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-C=O
I
OH

26
Q

What’s the functional group of esters?

A

-C= O
I
O-R

27
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • simplest homogolous series
  • have the general formula CnH2n+2
  • saturated hydrocarobons
28
Q

What are alkenes?

A
  • another homogolous series of hydrocarbons
  • each alkene contains a C=C
  • they are unsaturated hydrocarbons because alkenes have carbon atoms with less than four other atoms bonded to them
  • have the general formula CnHn2
29
Q

What are the simple rules for naming an organic compound?

A
  • indentify the principal functional group present and so the homogolous series. This gives the suffix
  • select the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the principal functional group and the maximum number of unsaturated bonds. This is an unbranched chain. This gives the main part or stem of the name
  • number the carbon atoms from the end that gives the lowest possible number to the principal functional group
  • identify additional functional groups. These provide the prefix or prefixes and are numbered according to their position. Use commas to seperate numbers and hyphens to seperate letters and numbers.
30
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

Ane

31
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

Ene

32
Q

What is the prefix for haloalkanes?

A

Chloro, bromo, iodo

33
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

Ol

34
Q

What is the prefix and suffix for aldehydes?

A

Preffix: hydroxy
Suffix: al

35
Q

What is the prefix and suffix for ketones?

A

Prefix: oxo
Suffix: one

36
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

Oic acid

37
Q

What is the suffix for esters?

A

Oate

38
Q

What is the label used in name for the number of carbon atoms 1,2,3,4,5 and 6?

A

1) meth
2) eth
3) prop
4) but
5) pent
6) hex

39
Q

What is a branched group called?

A

An alkyl group

40
Q

What are the names and the structural formula for the different alkyl groups?

A
  • methyl: CH3
  • ethyl: CH3CH2
  • propyl: CH3CH2CH2
  • butyl: CH3CH2CH2CH2
41
Q

What labels are used when there is more than one atom of a halogen?

A

Di, tri, tetra, penta

42
Q

What is the functional group heirachy with alkanes and halogens?

A

Alkanes are higher up so with halogenoalkanes alkanes form the suffix

43
Q

How do we show reaction mechanisms?

A

By adding notation to formulae, often in an equation, to show how electrons move during a reaction

44
Q

What is a radical and how do we show it?

A

It is an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. We use a dot (•) alongside the formula to show it e.g. cl•

45
Q

What do chemical reactions involve?

A

The breaking and making of bonds

46
Q

What do we use to show the movement of electrons?

A
  • Curly arrows
  • curly arrows with a complete arrow head with two barbs is used to show the movement of a pair of electrons
  • the curly arrow with half an arrow head is used to show the movement of a single electron
  • the tail of the arrow shows where the electron comes from and the head shows where they end up
  • if the curly arrows are used to track a bonding pair of electrons, the arrow starts at the bond line
  • if the curly arrow is used to track a lone pair of electrons we use two dots to identify the electrons
47
Q

What is homolytic bond fission?

A

Where the shared pair of electrons split, with one going to one of the bonded atoms and the other going to the other bonded atom

E.g. when chlorine molecules form chlorine atoms in UV light:

Cl2 -> Cl• + Cl• . Here curly arrow go out from the middle of the bond to each electron Cl-Cl

48
Q

Heterolytic bond fission

A

This happens when the shared pair of electrons both move to the same bonded atom

(Check snap camera roll for example)

49
Q

How are curly arrows used in bond making?

A

The arrow starts at the lone pair of electrons and points to where the new bond formed (check snap camera roll)

50
Q

What are isomers?

A
  • Two molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged
  • they are distinct compounds with different physical properties and sometimes different chemical properties
51
Q

Why are isomers common in organic compounds?

A

Because of the great variety of ways carbon can form chains and ring structures

52
Q

What are the two main type if isomer?

A
  • structural isomers, have the smale molecular formula but their atoms are bonded together in a different order (different structural formula)
  • Stereoisomers, have the same molecular formula and same structural formula, but they are arranged differently in space
53
Q

What are the different types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain isomers
  • positional isomers
  • functional group isomers
54
Q

What are the different types of stereoisomers?

A
  • E-Z stereoisomers

* optical isomers

55
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

When the structure of the chain is different (e.g. it may contain a methyl group). Chain isomees can exist in all carbon compounds more than four atoms long

56
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

They have their functional group in different places. They will have the same chemical properties but rheir boiling point may vary slightly

57
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional groups. They will often have different chemical and physical properties

58
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

They contain the same molecular formula and their atoms are connected in the same sequence but the atoms are arranged differently in space

59
Q

What gives rise to the stereoisomers?

A
  • The fact that the C=C cannot rotate. It has a flat shape and is described as being plannar
  • the fixed C=C bond means that the positions of the atoms or groups attaches are also fixed, but different arrangements are possible
60
Q

What are the E and Z of the E-Z stereoisomers?

A

Z isomers: molecules with the same atoms or groups on the same side of a C=C bond.

CH3 CH3
   I      I
  C = C
   I      I
  H     H

E: molecules with atoms or groups on opposite sides

CH3   H
   I      I
  C = C
   I      I
  H    CH3
61
Q

What can E-Z stereoisomers alternatively be called?

A

Cis and trans isomers where cis is Z and trans is E

62
Q

The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules decide the priorities when naming E-Z stereoisomers. What are these?

A

• priority is given to the atom with the highest atomic number that is attached to the carbon atoms that formed the double bond
E.g. with halogens = Br>Cl>F>H
• if the two atoms of highest priority are attached to the opposite ends of the double bond this is the Z-isomer.
• If the two atoms of the highest priority are attached to the same end of the double bond, this is the E isomer
• If a group is attached then it is the atomic number of the atom of the atom of that group that is attached that is used to prioritise
E.g. H3C- > H2N- > HO-

Chemistry (15 decks)

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