Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Learn all rules
What are hydrocarbons?
Only contained hydrogen and carbon atoms, either saturated or unsaturated
What hydrocarbon is saturated?
Alkane
Which hydrocarbons are unsaturated?
Alkenes, alkynes and arenes
What does it mean for a molecule to be saturated?
Only single bonds
What does it mean for a molecule to be unsaturated?
More than 1 bond
What is an alkane
Only carbon-carbon single bonds
What is an alkene?
1 or more carbon-carbon double bonds
What is an alkyne?
1 or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
What is an arene?
1 or more benzene rings
An alcohol is a…
Molecule with an OH attached
An ether is…
A molecule with an oxygen and alkyl group attached
An amine is…
A molecule with an NH2 group attached
An Alkyle halide is…
A molecule with a F, Cl, Br or I attached
What are carbonyl compounds?
Compounds with a double bonded O to a central C atom
What is the formation of an aldehyde?
Double bonded c=o and H atom coming off
A ketone has…
A double bonded c=o with an R (alkyl group) attached
What is the formation of a carboxylic acid?
A double bonded C=O with an OH group off the side
What is the formation of an ester?
An C=O with another O bonded to an Alkyl group
What is an amide?
A C=O to a NH to an alkyl group
What is the hybridisation of al alkane?
Sp3
What conformations are there?
Staggered and eclipsed
In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Cis formation?
Same molecule on same side of ring
In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Trans formation?
Same molecule on opposite side of ring
Name the prefix for each number of carbons: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Hept-, Oct-, Non-, Dec-
What are the steps in constitutional isomer naming?
- Identify longest carbon chain, assign prefix
- Count to branching point receives lowest number
- Name side groups, if theres two its “di” or three “tri” ect
eg: 2,2-Dimethylbutane
What hybridisation is an Alkene?
Sp2 hybridised carbon with 2 sigma and 1 pi bond : trigonal planar geometry
What hybridisation in Alkyne?
Sp hybridised, linear geometry
What limits rotation in molecules?
Rotation of sigma bonds around the plane breaks the pi bonds and hence significant energy loss
What are the main steps of naming alkenes?
- Find longest linear chain, assign prefix
- Count either end so alkene has lowest number
- Name side groups
- assign stereochemical designator (E/Z), branching point, number of side groups and side group name, linear chain name and number of first carbon of alkene
EG: E-4-Methyl-pent-2-ene
How do you name cycloalkenes?
- Assign cyclic, number of carbons, with ene prefix. EG: Cyclopentene
- Number all carbons on ring from alkene, assign lowest number to substituent
EG: 3-chlorocyclopentene
What is a nucleophile?
React with electrophiles. They have a negative charge and hence are attracted to the positive nucleus
What is an electrophile?
React with nucleophiles. They have slightly positive charge and hence are attracted to negative nature of electrons
What 2 main factors affect charge spread in cation stability?
- Inductive Effects: +ive charged atoms attract electrons from adjacent sigma bonds, the more sigma bonds the more stable
- Resonance Effects: If adjacent atom has a pi bond, electrons can be distributed to spread out positive charge
