Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Only contained hydrogen and carbon atoms, either saturated or unsaturated

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2
Q

What hydrocarbon is saturated?

A

Alkane

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3
Q

Which hydrocarbons are unsaturated?

A

Alkenes, alkynes and arenes

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4
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be saturated?

A

Only single bonds

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5
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be unsaturated?

A

More than 1 bond

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6
Q

What is an alkane

A

Only carbon-carbon single bonds

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7
Q

What is an alkene?

A

1 or more carbon-carbon double bonds

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8
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

1 or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

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9
Q

What is an arene?

A

1 or more benzene rings

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10
Q

An alcohol is a…

A

Molecule with an OH attached

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11
Q

An ether is…

A

A molecule with an oxygen and alkyl group attached

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12
Q

An amine is…

A

A molecule with an NH2 group attached

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13
Q

An Alkyle halide is…

A

A molecule with a F, Cl, Br or I attached

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14
Q

What are carbonyl compounds?

A

Compounds with a double bonded O to a central C atom

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15
Q

What is the formation of an aldehyde?

A

Double bonded c=o and H atom coming off

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16
Q

A ketone has…

A

A double bonded c=o with an R (alkyl group) attached

17
Q

What is the formation of a carboxylic acid?

A

A double bonded C=O with an OH group off the side

18
Q

What is the formation of an ester?

A

An C=O with another O bonded to an Alkyl group

19
Q

What is an amide?

A

A C=O to a NH to an alkyl group

20
Q

What is the hybridisation of al alkane?

21
Q

What conformations are there?

A

Staggered and eclipsed

22
Q

In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Cis formation?

A

Same molecule on same side of ring

23
Q

In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Trans formation?

A

Same molecule on opposite side of ring

24
Q

Name the prefix for each number of carbons: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

A

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Hept-, Oct-, Non-, Dec-

25
What are the steps in constitutional isomer naming?
1. Identify longest carbon chain, assign prefix 2. Count to branching point receives lowest number 3. Name side groups, if theres two its "di" or three "tri" ect eg: 2,2-Dimethylbutane
26
What hybridisation is an Alkene?
Sp2 hybridised carbon with 2 sigma and 1 pi bond : trigonal planar geometry
27
What hybridisation in Alkyne?
Sp hybridised, linear geometry
28
What limits rotation in molecules?
Rotation of sigma bonds around the plane breaks the pi bonds and hence significant energy loss
29
What are the main steps of naming alkenes?
1. Find longest linear chain, assign prefix 2. Count either end so alkene has lowest number 3. Name side groups 4. assign stereochemical designator (E/Z), branching point, number of side groups and side group name, linear chain name and number of first carbon of alkene EG: E-4-Methyl-pent-2-ene
30
How do you name cycloalkenes?
1. Assign cyclic, number of carbons, with ene prefix. EG: Cyclopentene 2. Number all carbons on ring from alkene, assign lowest number to substituent EG: 3-chlorocyclopentene
31
What is a nucleophile?
React with electrophiles. They have a negative charge and hence are attracted to the positive nucleus
32
What is an electrophile?
React with nucleophiles. They have slightly positive charge and hence are attracted to negative nature of electrons
33
What 2 main factors affect charge spread in cation stability?
- Inductive Effects: +ive charged atoms attract electrons from adjacent sigma bonds, the more sigma bonds the more stable - Resonance Effects: If adjacent atom has a pi bond, electrons can be distributed to spread out positive charge