Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Only contained hydrogen and carbon atoms, either saturated or unsaturated

Question 2

What hydrocarbon is saturated?

Answer 2

Alkane

Question 3

Which hydrocarbons are unsaturated?

Answer 3

Alkenes, alkynes and arenes

Question 4

What does it mean for a molecule to be saturated?

Answer 4

Only single bonds

Question 5

What does it mean for a molecule to be unsaturated?

Answer 5

More than 1 bond

Question 6

What is an alkane

Answer 6

Only carbon-carbon single bonds

Question 7

What is an alkene?

Answer 7

1 or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 8

What is an alkyne?

Answer 8

1 or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

Question 9

What is an arene?

Answer 9

1 or more benzene rings

Question 10

An alcohol is a…

Answer 10

Molecule with an OH attached

Question 11

An ether is…

Answer 11

A molecule with an oxygen and alkyl group attached

Question 12

An amine is…

Answer 12

A molecule with an NH2 group attached

Question 13

An Alkyle halide is…

Answer 13

A molecule with a F, Cl, Br or I attached

Question 14

What are carbonyl compounds?

Answer 14

Compounds with a double bonded O to a central C atom

Question 15

What is the formation of an aldehyde?

Answer 15

Double bonded c=o and H atom coming off

Question 16

A ketone has…

Answer 16

A double bonded c=o with an R (alkyl group) attached

Question 17

What is the formation of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 17

A double bonded C=O with an OH group off the side

Question 18

What is the formation of an ester?

Answer 18

An C=O with another O bonded to an Alkyl group

Question 19

What is an amide?

Answer 19

A C=O to a NH to an alkyl group

Question 20

What is the hybridisation of al alkane?

Answer 20

Sp3

Question 21

What conformations are there?

Answer 21

Staggered and eclipsed

Question 22

In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Cis formation?

Answer 22

Same molecule on same side of ring

Question 23

In cyclo-alkanes, what is a Trans formation?

Answer 23

Same molecule on opposite side of ring

Question 24

Name the prefix for each number of carbons: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Answer 24

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Hept-, Oct-, Non-, Dec-

Question 25

What are the steps in constitutional isomer naming?

Answer 25

1. Identify longest carbon chain, assign prefix
2. Count to branching point receives lowest number
3. Name side groups, if theres two its “di” or three “tri” ect
   eg: 2,2-Dimethylbutane

Question 26

What hybridisation is an Alkene?

Answer 26

Sp2 hybridised carbon with 2 sigma and 1 pi bond : trigonal planar geometry

Question 27

What hybridisation in Alkyne?

Answer 27

Sp hybridised, linear geometry

Question 28

What limits rotation in molecules?

Answer 28

Rotation of sigma bonds around the plane breaks the pi bonds and hence significant energy loss

Question 29

What are the main steps of naming alkenes?

Answer 29

1. Find longest linear chain, assign prefix
2. Count either end so alkene has lowest number
3. Name side groups
4. assign stereochemical designator (E/Z), branching point, number of side groups and side group name, linear chain name and number of first carbon of alkene

EG: E-4-Methyl-pent-2-ene

Question 30

How do you name cycloalkenes?

Answer 30

1. Assign cyclic, number of carbons, with ene prefix. EG: Cyclopentene
2. Number all carbons on ring from alkene, assign lowest number to substituent

EG: 3-chlorocyclopentene

Question 31

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 31

React with electrophiles. They have a negative charge and hence are attracted to the positive nucleus

Question 32

What is an electrophile?

Answer 32

React with nucleophiles. They have slightly positive charge and hence are attracted to negative nature of electrons

Question 33

What 2 main factors affect charge spread in cation stability?

Answer 33

• Inductive Effects: +ive charged atoms attract electrons from adjacent sigma bonds, the more sigma bonds the more stable
• Resonance Effects: If adjacent atom has a pi bond, electrons can be distributed to spread out positive charge