Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards
General functional group for alcohols
R-OH
General functional group for aldehydes
Eg eth..
R-C=O
\
H
Ethanal CH3CHO
General functional group for halogenoalkanes
E.g… With meth, and chlorine
R-X (X = F, Cl, Br or I)
Chloromethane CH3Cl
General functional group for keytones
Eg prop…
R-C-R
||
O
Propanone CH3COCH3
General functional group for carboxylic acid
Eg eth..
R-C=O
\
OH
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
Homologous series characteristics
- they have a general formula
- each member of the series differs from the next by CH2
- length of carbon chain has little effect of the chemical reactivity of the functional group
- smaller molecules are gaseous and larger ones liquids or solids- because melting/boiling point increased slightly as chain gets bigger
- chain branching generally reduces melting points because the molecules pack together less well
What is structural isomerism
The same molecular formula but different structural formulae
What are isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently
Sub-divisions of structural isomers
- positional isomerism
- functional group isomerism
- chain isomerism
What is positional isomerism
The functional group is attached to the main chain at different points.
What is functional isomerism
There are different functional groups
eg an alcohol and an ether
What is chain isomerism
The hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently
What is stereoisomerism?
Where two (or more) compounds have the same structural formula. They differ in the arrangement of the bonds in space
What are the two types of stereoisomerism
E-Z isomerism
Optical isomerism
What is E-Z isomerism
Tells us the position is substituents at either side of a C=C. Two substituents may either be on the same side of the bond Z(cis) or on opposite sides E(trans)
