introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards by Hanaah ABDULLAH

what is organic chemistry

chemistry of carbon containing compounds

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physical and chemical properties depend on…

-number and arrangement of carbon atoms in a molecule
- functional group of molecules

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name 4 properties of a homologous series

same general formula
similar chemical properties
trend in physical properties
differs by CH2

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alkane

Cn H2n+2

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cycloalkane

Cn H2n

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alkene

Cn H2n

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halogenalkane

Cn H2n+1+halogen

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alcohol

-OH

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alderhyde

HC=O

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ketone

C=O

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carboxylic acid

-COOH

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nitrile

-C≡N

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amine

-NH2

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acyl chloride

-COCl

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acid anhydride

-OC=O=CO-

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ester

-COOC

amide

-CONH

n-substitited amide

-CONHC-

aromatics

C6H6

structural isomerism

same molecular formula, different structural formula

chain isomerism

different carbon length chain

position isomerism

functional group at a different position on the chain

functional isomerism

different functional groups:
alkane and cycloalkane
carboxylic acid and ester
ketone and aldehyde

stereoisomerism

same molecular formula, same structural formula but atoms are arranged differently in space

geometric isomers requires...

restricted rotation 2 different groups joined to each carbon of the c=c bond

E isomer

priority groups are on opposite sides

Z isomers

priority groups are on the same side

optical isomers

has a chiral center where the carbon is bonded to 4 different atoms/ molecules