Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.

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2
Q

What is meant by saturated?

A

Contains single carbon-carbon bonds only.

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3
Q

What is meant by unsaturated?

A

Contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

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4
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

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5
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

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6
Q

What is the general formula?

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series.

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7
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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8
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule.

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9
Q

What is the shape around the carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon? Bond angle?

A

Tetrahedral - 109.5 bond angle.

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10
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

The simplified organic formula shown by removing the hydrogen atoms leaving just the carbon skeleton and the functional groups.

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11
Q

What is the functional group?

A

The atom or group of atoms that causes molecules to have similar chemical properties.

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12
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Same functional group and same general formula.

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13
Q

What do homologous series show?

A

A gradual change in physical properties e.g. boiling point.

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14
Q

What does each member of a homologous series differ by?

A

CH2 from the last.

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15
Q

What do homologous series have in common?

A

Same chemical properties.

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16
Q

Functional group for an alkane?

A

C-C

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17
Q

Alkane suffix?

A

-ane

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18
Q

Functional group for an alkene?

A

C=C

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19
Q

Alkene suffix?

A

-ene.

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20
Q

Functional group for an alcohol?

A

OH

21
Q

Suffix and prefix for an alcohol?

A

-ol (suffix)
hydroxy- (prefix)

22
Q

Functional group for a halogenoalkane?

A

Halogen

23
Q

Prefix for halogenoalkanes?

A

Iodo-
Bromo-
Chloro-
Fluoro-

24
Q

Functional group for a aldehydes?

A

C=O on the end of the carbon chain.

25
Q

Suffix and prefix for an aldehyde?

A

-al. (suffix)
formyl- (prefix)

26
Q

Functional group for a ketone?

A

C=O in the middle of a carbon chain.

27
Q

Suffix and prefix for a ketone?

A

-one (suffix)
oxo- (prefix)

28
Q

Functional group for a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

29
Q

Suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid.

30
Q

Functional group for an ester?

A

C=O
C-O

31
Q

Suffix for an ester?

A

-yl -oate

32
Q

Priority order for the functional groups?

A

Carboxylic Acids >Aldehydes >Ketones >Alcohols> Alkenes> Halogenoalkanes

33
Q

For an alkene how do you choose which carbon number to show the double bond?

A

The lower number.

34
Q

How would you name an alkene with more than one double bond present?

A

Suffix would be - diene or triene etc.

35
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different structure.

36
Q

What are the 3 structural isomers?

A

Chain Isomers
Functional Group Isomers
Position Isomers

37
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of carbon atoms.

38
Q

What is a position isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different structures due to the different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

39
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms to give different functional groups.

40
Q

Functional group isomer examples?

A

Cycloalkanes - alkenes
Alcohols - esters

41
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms.

42
Q

Why do E-Z isomers exist?

A

Due to restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.

43
Q

When do E-Z isomers occur?

A

When there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.
Two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond.

44
Q

What is Z isomer?

A

Zame Zide

45
Q

Priority group for E-Z isomers?

A

Higher atomic number.

46
Q

What is E isomer?

A

Epposite Side

47
Q

Describe the physical properties of a Z-isomer?

A

Polar.
The polar bonds are on the same side of the molecule. The IMF forces are both VDW and Permanent Dipole-Dipole Attractions. Higher boiling point.

48
Q

Describe the physical properties of an E-isomer?

A

Non polar. The polar molecules are on opposite sides of the molecule so the dipoles cancel out. The IMF forces are only VDW so lower boiling point.

49
Q

Why does boiling point increase in alkane homologous series?

A

There is an increasing number of electrons in the bigger molecules causing an increase in the size of the VDW forces between the molecules.