Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is a functional group?
The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule
What is the homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of a CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only
What is meant by ‘saturated’?
Molecule containing no double bonds
What are stereoisomers?
Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
What are structural isomers?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
What are chain isomers?
Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon chain
What are position isomers?
Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having the functional group in a different position
What are functional group isomers?
Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having a different functional group
What is the general formula?
The number of atoms of each element which has n carbon atoms. all molecules in the homologous series have the same general formula. e.g alkanes = CnH2n+2
What is the molecular formula?
Formula that gives the number of atoms of each element in one molecule. e.g butane= C4H10
What is the displayed formula?
Shows all bonds and atoms in the molecule e.g butane=
What is the structural formula?
Shows how atoms are joined together in a molecule. e.g butane= CH3CH2CH2CH3
What is the skeletal formula?
Uses lines to represent bonds. Each point represents a carbon atom. e.g butane=
What is the empirical formula?
Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only
What is a covalent bond?
Bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms
What are the first 10 alkanes?
- Methane
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
- Pentane
- Hexane
- Heptane
- Octane
- Nonane
- Decane
What are the steps needed to name branched chain molecules?
- Find the longest carbon chain for alkane number
- If side chains present, count from carbon atom that gives lowest possible number (alkyl group)
- If theres more than one of the same ally side chain, name by di, try and tetra for 2,3,4 (how many of the same there are)
- If there is more than one type of alkyl side chain, name in alphabetical order
What does the table for homologous series and their different functional groups and prefix/suffixes look like?
What are the prefixes for halogenoalkanes?
chlorine
bromo
iodo
What are the 3 different types of halogenoalkanes?
primary
secondary
tertiary
Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes:
primary- carbon joined to halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group
secondary- carbon joined to halogen joins to two other alkyl groups
tertiary- carbon joined to halogen is attached to three other alkyl groups
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one c-c double bond
