Introduction To Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is a functional group?

Answer 1

The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule

Question 2

What is the homologous series?

Answer 2

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of a CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties

Question 3

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

Molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only

Question 4

What is meant by ‘saturated’?

Answer 4

Molecule containing no double bonds

Question 5

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 5

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 6

What are structural isomers?

Answer 6

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 7

What are chain isomers?

Answer 7

Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon chain

Question 8

What are position isomers?

Answer 8

Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having the functional group in a different position

Question 9

What are functional group isomers?

Answer 9

Type of structural isomer: Structural isomers that differ by having a different functional group

Question 10

What is the general formula?

Answer 10

The number of atoms of each element which has n carbon atoms. all molecules in the homologous series have the same general formula. e.g alkanes = CnH2n+2

Question 11

What is the molecular formula?

Answer 11

Formula that gives the number of atoms of each element in one molecule. e.g butane= C4H10

Question 12

What is the displayed formula?

Answer 12

Shows all bonds and atoms in the molecule e.g butane=

Question 13

What is the structural formula?

Answer 13

Shows how atoms are joined together in a molecule. e.g butane= CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question 14

What is the skeletal formula?

Answer 14

Uses lines to represent bonds. Each point represents a carbon atom. e.g butane=

Question 15

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 15

Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

Question 16

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 16

Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only

Question 17

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 17

Bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms

Question 18

What are the first 10 alkanes?

Answer 18

1. Methane
2. Ethane
3. Propane
4. Butane
5. Pentane
6. Hexane
7. Heptane
8. Octane
9. Nonane
10. Decane

Question 19

What are the steps needed to name branched chain molecules?

Answer 19

1. Find the longest carbon chain for alkane number
2. If side chains present, count from carbon atom that gives lowest possible number (alkyl group)
3. If theres more than one of the same ally side chain, name by di, try and tetra for 2,3,4 (how many of the same there are)
4. If there is more than one type of alkyl side chain, name in alphabetical order

Question 20

What does the table for homologous series and their different functional groups and prefix/suffixes look like?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the prefixes for halogenoalkanes?

Answer 21

chlorine
bromo
iodo

Question 22

What are the 3 different types of halogenoalkanes?

Answer 22

primary
secondary
tertiary

Question 23

Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes:

Answer 23

primary- carbon joined to halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group
secondary- carbon joined to halogen joins to two other alkyl groups
tertiary- carbon joined to halogen is attached to three other alkyl groups

Question 24

What are alkenes?

Answer 24

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one c-c double bond

Question 25

Are alkanes or alkenes more reactive?

Answer 25

ALKENES because of their double bond

Question 26

What is the general formula for alkenes?

Answer 26

CnH2n

Question 27

What kind of actions are alkenes able to undergo?

Answer 27

addition reactions where one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule

Question 28

How do you name alkenes?

Answer 28

-Name like an alkane but use ‘ene’ as the suffix
-for more than one double bond, use ‘diene’ or ‘triene’
-e.g hex-1-ene

Question 29

What is E-Z isomerism?

Answer 29

Type of stereoisomerism that occurs when there is restricted rotation around a double bond in a molecule

Question 30

How can you identify E-Z isomers?

Answer 30

The highest priority groups for each carbon are on the opposite side for E isomers and on the same side for Z isomers. High priority= higher atomic number

Question 31

How do you know if an alkene is showing stereoisomerism?

Answer 31

1. Have to have a double bond
2. Carbons on either side of double bond have to have two different groups attached

Question 32

How can you calculate the empirical formula of a molecule from the percentage compositions by mass?

Answer 32

1. Write out the mass or percentage of each element
2. Divide each mass or percentage by the Ar of the element
3. Find the simplest whole number ratio of these numbers by dividing by the smallest number
4. If the values come out as near 1/ then multiply by 2 , if they are near 1/3 then multiply by 3

Question 33

How can you calculate the molecular formula of an element?

Answer 33

1. Divide relative formula mass of the molecular formula by the relative mass of the empirical formula
2. Multiply the number of each element present in the empirical formula by this number