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Chemistry GCSE > Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil, in terms of its formation?

A

Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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2
Q

What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons (molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only)

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3
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

In rocks

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4
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

What are properties of Hydrocarbons?

A
  • Some properties depend on the size of their molecules, e.g. boiling point, viscosity and flammability. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels
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6
Q

How does the length of the fraction affect the viscosity?

A

The longer the fraction, the more viscous the fraction will be

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7
Q

How does the length of the fraction affect the volatility?

A

Shorter fractions have lower boiling points and so evaporate more easily. The more volatile a fraction is, the easier it mixes with air. This means the fraction ignites and burns more easily

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8
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

In fractional distillation, crude oil is evaporated. The fractionating column is hotter at the bottom and colder at the top. Different fractions have different boiling points and so condense at different levels. Longer fractions collect at the bottom, shorter fractions collect at the top

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9
Q

How does the length of the fraction affect the boiling point?

A

The longer the chain, the higher the boiling point

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10
Q

Properties of longer chain hydrocarbons

A

Higher boiling points- as the longer molecules entangle more and are harder to separate and so have STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, which take a lot of energy to separate
Lower volatility (turn to a gas less easily)- STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES holding the molecules together
High viscosity (as the molecules entangle and have STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES)
Lower flammability

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11
Q

What number of carbons do refinery gases have?

A

1 - 4

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12
Q

What number of carbons do gasoline / petrol have?

A

5 - 10

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13
Q

What number of carbons does kerosene have?

A

11 - 15

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14
Q

What number of carbons does diesel have?

A

16 - 20

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15
Q

How many carbons does residue have?

A

20 +

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16
Q

Uses of refinery gas

A

Used as fuel for heating, cooking and as a chemical feedstock

17
Q

Uses of gasoline / petrol

A

Used as fuel for cars, chemical feedstock

18
Q

Uses of kerosene

A

Used as aircraft fuel and turned into detergents

19
Q

Uses of diesel

A

Fuel for diesel engines and boiler fuel

20
Q

Uses of residue

A

Used in making roads and flat roofs, also used to make lubricants, wax

21
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When a substance burns in excess oxygen

22
Q

What happens during complete combustion?

A
  • All the carbon in the substance join together with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
  • All of the hydrogen in the substance joins together with oxygen to form water
  • (any other elements present will also combine with oxygen to form other oxides)
23
Q

What are the two tests for water?

A
  • Anhydrous copper sulphate
  • Cobalt chloride paper
24
Q

Test for water: Anhydrous copper sulphate

A

Anhydrous copper sulphate is a white/grey solid that has a very clear reaction with water. It turns blue and gets hot, both of which are classic signs of a chemical reaction

25
Q

Test for water: Cobalt chloride paper

A

This is a special test paper which has to be kept dry
When it is dry it is pale blue, but if dipped into water it turns white, often with a slightly pink colour at the boundary between the two colours

26
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

If we take the hot gases from the flame and bubble them through limewater we see the limewater turn milky - which is the classic test for CO2

27
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When something burns in a reduced supply of oxygen

28
Q

Incomplete combustion

A
  • There isn’t enough oxygen to turn all the carbon atoms into CO2 and so some of the carbon atoms turn into carbon monoxide, CO or just end up as carbon, C
  • All the hydrogen atoms in the substance though still end up as water, CO2
29
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

A dangerous, colourless, odourless gas that can kill in high concentrations

30
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

It can bond very strongly to the haemoglobin in the blood and stop that haemoglobin molecule from being able to transport oxygen around the body. If you breathe in enough CO then it will bond to too much of the haemoglobin in your body and you will suffocate

31
Q

How can CO poisoning be prevented?

A

Service the boiler in your house once a year to make sure that all the air vents into the boiler are clear of blockages so oxygen can get freely to it. Some people also have CO sensors near a boiler, especially if the boiler is in an attic bedroom

32
Q

Why is incomplete combustion easy to see?

A

You always end up with some carbon (as soot) in the flame and this will always make the flame appear yellow

33
Q

What setting on the Bunsen burner is incomplete combustion?

A

The yellow ‘safety flame’ as we close the air hole at the base of the Bunsen and restrict the flow of oxygen into the flame

34
Q

Why do we never heat our glassware with the yellow flame?

A

It will leave a grimy black deposit of soot on our test tubes

35
Q

What are the rules for writing complete combustion equations?

A
  • All the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon fuel turn into carbon dioxide molecules
  • All the hydrogen atoms in the fuel turn into water
  • Finally we can use how many atoms of oxygen there are in our product molecules to see how many molecules of oxygen, O2, we need to balance the equation
36
Q

What are the rules for writing incomplete combustion equations?

A
  • All the hydrogen atoms in the fuel turn into water
  • The carbon atoms on the left hand side of the equation turn into some CO2, some CO and some C. There can be any mixture of these three normally, but the total number of carbon atoms on the left and right hand side must be the same
  • Finally we can use how many atoms of oxygen there are in our product molecules to see how many molecules of oxygen, O2, we need to balance the equation
37
Q

What is the general equation for alkenes

A

CnH2n

38
Q

Properties of longer hydrocarbons

A
  • Have higher boiling points
  • Are less volatile
  • Are less flammable
  • Are more viscous
  • Have a darker colour
39
Q

Properties of shorter hydrocarbons

A
  • Have lower boiling points
  • Are volatile
  • Are flammable
  • Are less viscous
  • Are either colourless or pale in colour

Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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