Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a general formula?

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds.

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2
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

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3
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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4
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups.

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5
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t drawn.

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6
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them.

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same functional group and are represented by the same general formula. They often have similar chemical properties.

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8
Q

How would you recognize alkanes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -ane
Example: propane CH3CH2CH3

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9
Q

How would you recognize branched alkanes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: alkyl- -ane
Example: methylpropane CH3CH(CH3)CH3

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10
Q

How would you recognize alkenes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -ene
Example: propene CH2=CHCH3

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11
Q

How would you recognize haloalkanes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: Fluoro- Bromo- Chloro- Iodo- -ane
Example: Chloroethane CH3CH2Cl

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12
Q

How would you recognize alcohols?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -ol
Example: Ethanol CH3CH2OH

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13
Q

How would you recognize aldehydes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -al
Example: Ethanal CH3CHO

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14
Q

How would you recognize ketones?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -one
Example: propanone CH3COCH3

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15
Q

How would you recognize carboxylic acids?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -oic acid
Example: Ethanoic acid CH3COOH

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16
Q

How would you recognize esters?

A

Prefix/Suffix: alkyl- -oate
Example: Ethyl Ethanoate CH3COOCH2CH3

17
Q

How would you recognize amines?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -amine
Example: methylamine CH3NH2

18
Q

How would you recognize amides?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -amide
Example: Ethanamide CH3CONH2

19
Q

How would you recognize acyl chlorides?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -oyl chloride
Example: Ethanoyl chloride CH3COCl

20
Q

How would you recognize cycloalkanes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: Cyclo- -ane
Example: Cyclohexane C6H12

21
Q

How would you recognize arenes?

A

Prefix/Suffix: -benzene (or phenyl-)
Example: methylbenzene C6H5CH3

22
Q

What is the process of naming an organic molecule?

A
  1. count the number of carbon atoms (longest chain)
  2. identify the main functional group to get the suffix
  3. number all of the branches coming off the longest chain as numbers starting from the functional group’s side.
  4. make sure the side chains are mentioned in alphabetical order
  5. use di, tri etc. if there is more than one identical side chain or functional groups
23
Q

What are the IUPAC Rules?

A

The international language for naming chemical compounds

24
Q

What are mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms are diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages. They show how molecules react together by using curly arrows to show which bonds are made or broken.
This is shown through curly arrows which show where a pair of electrons goes during a reaction.

25
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are the same substance with the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula. There are two different types of isomers: structural isomers and stereoisomers.

26
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A

Chain isomers, Positional isomers, and Functional group isomers.

27
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Chain isomers have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. Some are straight chains and others are branched in different ways.
For example: butane and methylpropane

28
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Position isomers have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached. The difference is that the atoms or groups of atoms are attached to a different carbon atom.
For example: 1-chlorobutane and 2-chlorobutane

29
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups.
For example: hex-1-ene and Cyclohexane

30
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space.
Double bonds can’t rotate which leads to a stereoisomerism called E/Z isomerism

31
Q

Why do alkenes show E/Z isomerism?

A

Alkenes have restricted rotation around their carbon-carbon double bonds. This means that if both of the double-bond carbons have different atoms or groups attached to them, the arrangement of those groups around the double bond can change to create two stereoisomers. One of these is the E-isomer and one is the Z-isomer. The Z isomer has the same groups either both above or both below the double bond while the E isomer has the same groups but across the double bond in diagonals. E-But-2-ene becomes Z-But-2-ene

32
Q

What are the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority Rules?

A

When having a C=C bond with 3 or 4 different groups you use these rules.
1) assign a priority to the two atoms attached to each carbon in the double bond ie 1 and 2 (the atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given priority, e.g. F is higher than H)
2) to work out which isomer group you have, you need to work out how the higher-priority groups are arranged

33
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A nucleophile is a reactant that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

34
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electrophile is a chemical species that is attracted to electrons.