Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Hydrocarbon [definition]:
A compound consisting of ONLY carbon and hydrogen
Saturated [explanation]:
Contains single carbon-carbon bonds ONLY
Saturated [explanation]:
Contains a C-C bond only
Molecular formula [definition]:
The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
Empirical formula [explanation]:
shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound
Structural formula [explanation]:
shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
Displayed Formua [explanation]:
show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule
Skeletal formula [explanation]:
shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Homologous series [definition]:
families of organic compounds with the same functional
group and same general formula
What is the suffix for an alkane?
-ane
What is the general formula of an alkane?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
What is the functional group of an alkene?
C=C
What is the suffix for an alkene?
-ene
What is the general formula of an alkene?
CₙH₂ₙ
What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
C-OH
What is the prefix for an alcohol?
hydroxy-
What is the prefix for a halogenoalkane?
A halogen
e.g. Chloro, Bromo, Iodo
What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?
C-halogen
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What is the prefix for an aldehyde?
formyl-
What is the functional group of an aldehyde
O=C-H
What is the prefix for a ketone?
Oxo-
What is the suffix for a ketone?
- one
e. g. butanone
What is the functional group of a ketone?
O=C-R
What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
O=C-OH
What is the suffix for an ester?
- yl -oate
e. g. methyl propanoate
What is formed when a bond is broken through homolytic fission?
Two free radicals are formed
What is heterolytic fission?
When one atom gets both electrons
Free Radical [definition]:
A free radical is a reactive species
which possess an unpaired electron
What does heterolytic fission produce?
ions
Where will curly arrows always start from?
A curly arrow will always start from a lone pair of
electrons or the centre of a bond
Structural isomers [explanation]:
same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)
Chain isomers [explanation]:
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
Position isomers [explanation]:
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
Functional group isomers [explanation]:
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with
atoms arranged to give different functional groups
Stereoisomerism [explanation]:
Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but
have a different spatial arrangement of atoms
What type of isomerism do alkenes exhibit?
E-Z stereoisomerism
Why do E-Z isomers exist?
E-Z isomers exist due to restricted
rotation about the C=C bond
E-Z stereoisomers arise when [2]:
- There is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.
- There are two different groups/atoms attached both ends of the double bond.
Addition reaction [explanation]:
A reaction where two molecules react together to produce one
Dehydration Reaction [explanation]:
Removal of a water molecule from a molecule
Explain the term nucleophile:
Species that seeks out a positive charge
