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AQA: Chemistry Paper 2 > Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon [definition]:

A

A compound consisting of ONLY carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Saturated [explanation]:

A

Contains single carbon-carbon bonds ONLY

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3
Q

Saturated [explanation]:

A

Contains a C-C bond only

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4
Q

Molecular formula [definition]:

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

Empirical formula [explanation]:

A

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

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6
Q

Structural formula [explanation]:

A

shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

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7
Q

Displayed Formua [explanation]:

A

show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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8
Q

Skeletal formula [explanation]:

A

shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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9
Q

Homologous series [definition]:

A

families of organic compounds with the same functional

group and same general formula

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10
Q

What is the suffix for an alkane?

A

-ane

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11
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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12
Q

What is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C=C

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13
Q

What is the suffix for an alkene?

A

-ene

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14
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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15
Q

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

A

-ol

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16
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

C-OH

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17
Q

What is the prefix for an alcohol?

A

hydroxy-

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18
Q

What is the prefix for a halogenoalkane?

A

A halogen

e.g. Chloro, Bromo, Iodo

19
Q

What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?

A

C-halogen

20
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

21
Q

What is the prefix for an aldehyde?

A

formyl-

22
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde

A

O=C-H

23
Q

What is the prefix for a ketone?

A

Oxo-

24
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A
  • one

e. g. butanone

25
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

O=C-R

26
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

27
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

O=C-OH

28
Q

What is the suffix for an ester?

A
  • yl -oate

e. g. methyl propanoate

29
Q

What is formed when a bond is broken through homolytic fission?

A

Two free radicals are formed

30
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one atom gets both electrons

31
Q

Free Radical [definition]:

A

A free radical is a reactive species

which possess an unpaired electron

32
Q

What does heterolytic fission produce?

A

ions

33
Q

Where will curly arrows always start from?

A

A curly arrow will always start from a lone pair of

electrons or the centre of a bond

34
Q

Structural isomers [explanation]:

A

same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)

35
Q

Chain isomers [explanation]:

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

36
Q

Position isomers [explanation]:

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

37
Q

Functional group isomers [explanation]:

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with

atoms arranged to give different functional groups

38
Q

Stereoisomerism [explanation]:

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but

have a different spatial arrangement of atoms

39
Q

What type of isomerism do alkenes exhibit?

A

E-Z stereoisomerism

40
Q

Why do E-Z isomers exist?

A

E-Z isomers exist due to restricted

rotation about the C=C bond

41
Q

E-Z stereoisomers arise when [2]:

A
  • There is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.

- There are two different groups/atoms attached both ends of the double bond.

42
Q

Addition reaction [explanation]:

A

A reaction where two molecules react together to produce one

43
Q

Dehydration Reaction [explanation]:

A

Removal of a water molecule from a molecule

44
Q

Explain the term nucleophile:

A

Species that seeks out a positive charge

AQA: Chemistry Paper 2 (7 decks)

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