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Chemistry Paper 1 > Introduction To Organic 3.3.1 > Flashcards

Introduction To Organic 3.3.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many strong covalent bonds can carbon form
Are they polar or non polar

A

4
Non polar

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2
Q

What is nomenclature

A

Name of an organic compound

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3
Q

Define functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule

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4
Q

What is a Homologous series

A

A set of compounds with the same functional group, the Compounds differ in length

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5
Q

What is the prefix for 1 to 10 carbon atoms

A

1 meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pen
6 hex
7 hept
8 Oct
9 non
10 dec

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6
Q

What is the skeletal formula used for

A

Complex organical molecules

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7
Q

What do the straight lines in a skeletal formula represent

A

C-C bonds

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8
Q

What is the general formula for Alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

What is the general formula for alkene

A

CnH2n

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10
Q

Samsung notes

A

Nomenclature

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11
Q

What are two types of isomers

A

Structural isomers and stereoisomers

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12
Q

What are 3 types of structural isomers and explain them

A

Chain isomers: More than one way of arranging carbon atoms in the longest chain
Position isomers: Same functional group but it is attached to the main chain at different points
Functional group isomer: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional group

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13
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Moelcules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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14
Q

What are the properties of chain isomers

A

Similar chemical properties but slightly differnt physical properties. The more branched the isomer, smaller the surface area, weaker the Van der Waals forces between molecules- lower the boiling point

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15
Q

What are the 4 pairs in a functional group isomer

A

Carboxylic acid + Ester
Ketone + Aldehyde
Alkene + Cycloalkane
Alcohol + Ether(Oxygen between two carbon atoms)

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16
Q

Cyclo Samsung notes

A

🐃🐅🫏🫏🐺🐎🐅🐄🦌🐐🦬🐑🐑🐅

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17
Q

Define stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same structural formula but with atoms/bonds/groups arranged differently in space

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18
Q

Where do stereosiomers occur

A

They only occur in alkenes

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19
Q

Why do stereoisomers arise [2 marks]

A

Restricted rotation around the planer carbon-carbon double bond
Two different groups attached to each C of the C=C bond

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20
Q

When do you use E and Z when naming a stereosiomer

A

E when the two groups are on opposite sides
Z when the two groups are on ze zame zide

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21
Q

What does CIP stand for
Explain it

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rule
-Look at atom directly bonded with C
-Atom with highest atomic number has highest priority
-If atom bonded to C is same, look at next atom bonded to C to work out highest priority

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22
Q

When does a molecule not show stereoisomerism

A

-Each of the C in the C=C bond are not bonded to at least one substituent group
-If one of the double bond carbons have 2 C-H bonds

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23
Q

Stereoisomers Samsung notes

A

＼(^_^)／

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24
Q

Are alkanes Saturated or Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Saturated

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25
Q

What are some uses of alkanes

A

Fuels
Lubricants

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26
Q

What is the main source of alkanes

A

Crude oil

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27
Q

What shape do alkanes form

A

Tetrahedral shape

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28
Q

What type of isomers exists in alkanes
What is the relationship beyween chain length and number of isomers

A

Chain isomers which is a type of structural isomerism
The number of isomers rises rapidly as chain length increases

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29
Q

What is the state of different chain alkanes at room temperature

A

Short alkane chains C5are gases
C5 to C17 are liquids
Longer carbon chains are waxy solids

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30
Q

Are alkanes polar or non polar and why

A

Non polar because difference in electronegativity betweeb carbon and Hydrogen is very small

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31
Q

How many intermolecular forces exist within alkanes and what are they

A

One which is van der waals forces

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32
Q

In an alkane, explain how Mr values of molecules and mp and BP are linked

A

The higher the Mr, the stronger the VDW forces, mp and BP increases

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33
Q

Do branches alkanes have a higher or lower mp and BP that straight chain moelcuels and explain why

A

Branched alkanes have lower mp and BP than straight chain molecules with the same number of C atoms becuase branched alkanes have a smaller surface area, straight chains packed together more closely, decreases strength of VDW forces, less energy needed to overcome the force

34
Q

What substances are alkanes soluble and Insoluble in

A

Insoluble in water
Soluble in non polar liquids

35
Q

What substances are alkanes soluble and Insoluble in

A

Insoluble in water
Soluble in non polar liquids

36
Q

What is the reactivity of alkanes

A

Relatively unreactive
Do not react with acids, bases, oxidising agent and reducing agents

37
Q

Explain two substances alkanes do react with

A

Burn and react with halogens under suitable conditions
Burn in oxygen (plentiful supply) to form carbon dioxide and water

38
Q

Describe crude oil
It is a rich and varied mixture of over…

A

Dark yellow to balck in colour and is a sticky viscous liquid
…180 carbon based Compounds

39
Q

How does crude oil form

A

Remains of plants and animals covered in mud, silt and sand over millions of years
High pressure causes it to become oil

40
Q

In Fractional distillation, what is a fraction

A

A mixture of simialr chain length hydrocarbons so have similar properties

41
Q

What is cracking
What are the economical reasons for cracking
What bond does this break

A

Process is which long chain hydrocarbons molecules are broken into shorter chain molecules
-Smaller chain mkelcuels are higher in demand and products from cracking are more valuable and useful
C-C bonds

42
Q

Describe the process of thermal cracking
Why does this produce free radicals

A

Long chain meolcurs are heated to very high temperatures (700K - 1200K) and high pressures (up to 7000kPa) for a short duration
When C-C bond breaks, one electron from the pair goes to each C atom, shorter chains are produces which each have a carbon atom with an unpaired electron, these are called free radicals

43
Q

What is broken during Fractional distillation
When can these reform

A

Van Der Waals forces
Condensing

44
Q

Explain the process of Fractional distillation in crude oil

A

-Crude oil is heated in a furnace until a portion vapourises
-Liquid vapour mixture passes up fractionating tower
-The fractionating tower is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom(negative temperature gradient)
-Shorter chains are collected at the top of the tower which is cooler as they have lower BP
-When a substance reaches a layer that is cool enough, it condenses and is piped off
-These distillates are known as fractions
-A fraction is a group of Compounds that having similar BP and are removed at the same level of a fractionating tower

45
Q

In nomenclature, what is the least to highest priority functional group

A

Halogens, alkyl groups, alkenes, other functional groups

46
Q

What are the products of thermal cracking
Why are alkanes duration in thermal cracking conditions for a very short time (1 second)

A

Produces a high proportion of alkenes
To avoid too much decomposition to just carbon and hydrogen

47
Q

Describe catalytic cracking

A

Long chain alkane is heated under pressure in the presence of a zeolite Catalyst
Temperature- 450 degrees calcium
Pressure - 1 to 2 atmospheres
Time - 2 to 4 seconds

48
Q

During catalytic cracking, what is being broken

A

Carbon to carbon bonds in alkane molecules

49
Q

What is a zeolite Catalyst and what is its adaptation

A

An acidic material made of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide
Honeycomb sturtcure to increase surface area which increases rate of reaction

50
Q

What are the products of catalytic cracking

A

Branched alkanes cycloalkanes aromatic Compounds
This method usually produces motor fuels

51
Q

Cracking Samsung

A

💯

52
Q

What are fuels
What are used as fuels

A

Substances that release heat energy when they go through combustion
Alkanes

53
Q

When alkenes go through combustion, what is the relationship betweeb number of carbons and amount of heat energy released

A

The more carbons, the more heat energy released

54
Q

Give some examples of alkane fuels

A

Methane
Propane
Butane
Petrol
Paraffin

55
Q

What are two types of combustion

A

Complete combustion
Incomplete combustion

56
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide and water

57
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur

A

When there is a limited supply of oxygen

58
Q

What are the products of incomplete oxygen
What are the products if there is even more limited oxygen

A

Carbon monoxide and water
Carbon and water

59
Q

Name some atmospheric pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon particulate
Unburnt hydrocarbons
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour

60
Q

How does an internal combustion engine work
Where do the products of combustion exit

A

They work where a small amount of fuel and large amount of oxygen is drawn into the combustion chamber
Mixture is compressed and ignited with an extreme temperature spark
The mixture bruns explosively, forcing movement of the engine parts
The products of combustion exit via the exhaust

61
Q

What do catalytic converters do

A

The internal combustion engine produces many pollutants which can be removed using catalytic convertors

62
Q

What is a catalytic converter made from

A

Honeycomb made of ceramic material coated with platinum and rhodium metals and these metals are Catalysts

63
Q

Why is the catalyst coated on ceramic honeycomb on a catalytic converter

A

Bigger surface area
Increases rate of reaction
Removes more of the gases
Ensures complete reaction

64
Q

Why is a thin layer of metal used on the ceramic honeycomb

A

To reduce the amount of metals needed
Increase surface area

65
Q

In a catalytic converter, as the pollutants pass over the catalyst, they react with eachother to form less harmful products
Give two of these reactions

A

Carbon monoxide + Nitrogen oxide -> Nitrogen + carbon dioxide

Hydrocarbons + Nitrogen oxide -> Nitrogen + carbon dioxide + water

66
Q

What are the impacts of acid rain

A

Destroys trees and vegetation
Corrodes building
Kills fish in lakes

67
Q

How can sulfur dioxide be removed and how is this done
Why are these specific reactants used

A

Flue gas desulfurisation
Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate are used to remove sulfur dioxide in an acid base reaction to produce gypsum
These reactants are used as they are basic so they can neutralise the acid

68
Q

Explain the greenhouse effect

A

Infrared radiation from the sun passes through mahers of gas in the atmosphere to hit the earth, which warms the earth up
The infrared radiation from tbe earth travels back through the atmosphere where some is prevented from escaping into space by greenhouse gases

69
Q

What is the importance of the greenhouse effect

A

It keeps temperatures on Earth warm enough to support life

70
Q

What is global warming and what is it caused by

A

The increasing average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of the earth
It is caused by a chnage in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

71
Q

Why is global warming increasing recently

A

More fuels are burnt so more water and carbon dioxide released so more heat being trapped so earth’s temperature increases

72
Q

When is sulfur dioxide produced

A

Combustion of hydrocarbons containing sulfur

73
Q

In a halogenoalkane, why is the C-X bond polar

A

The halogen atom is more electronegative that the carbon atom

74
Q

As you go down group 7, what happens to the polarity of the bond in he haolgenalkane and why

A

The C-X bond becomes less polar because the electronegativity of the halogen atom decreases

75
Q

How is BP and carbon chain length linked

A

Boiling point increases as carbon chain length increases

76
Q

How is van der waals forces and relative molecular mass linked

A

Van der waals forces increases as relarive molecular mass increases

77
Q

Do dipole dipole forces or van der waals forces affect the BP of a molecule the most

A

Van der waals forces

78
Q

What is special about halogenoalkanes solubility in water and why

A

The carbon - halogen bond is polar but they are Insoluble in water, there are Hydrogen bonds in water and polar bonds can’t overcome Hydrogen bonds

79
Q

Where are halogenoalkanes soluble

A

Organic solvents

80
Q

What are some uses of halogenoalkanes

A

Dry cleaning Fluids and degreasing agents

81
Q

What are the products in the chlorination of alkanes

A

Mixture of chloroalkanes and Hydrogen chloride gas

82
Q

What would you observe in the chlorination of alkanes

A

Misty white fumes

Chemistry Paper 1 (8 decks)

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