Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry Paper 1 > Introduction To Organic And Alkanes 3.3.1+2 > Flashcards

Introduction To Organic And Alkanes 3.3.1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many strong covalent bonds can carbon form
Are they polar or non polar

A

4
Non polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is nomenclature

A

Name of an organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Homologous series

A

A set of compounds with the same functional group, the Compounds differ in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the prefix for 1 to 10 carbon atoms

A

1 meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pen
6 hex
7 hept
8 Oct
9 non
10 dec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the skeletal formula used for

A

Complex organical molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the straight lines in a skeletal formula represent

A

C-C bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general formula for Alkane

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general formula for alkene

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Samsung notes

A

Nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are two types of isomers

A

Structural isomers and stereoisomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 types of structural isomers and explain them

A

Chain isomers: More than one way of arranging carbon atoms in the longest chain
Position isomers: Same functional group but it is attached to the main chain at different points
Functional group isomer: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Moelcules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are the chemical and physical properties in chain isomers similar or different
What are the properties of chain isomers

A

Similar chemical properties but slightly differnt physical properties. The more branched the isomer, smaller the surface area, weaker the Van der Waals forces between molecules- lower the boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 pairs in a functional group isomer

A

Carboxylic acid + Ester
Ketone + Aldehyde
Alkene + Cycloalkane
Alcohol + Ether(Oxygen between two carbon atoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cyclo Samsung notes

A

πŸƒπŸ…πŸ«πŸ«πŸΊπŸŽπŸ…πŸ„πŸ¦ŒπŸπŸ¦¬πŸ‘πŸ‘πŸ…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same structural formula but with atoms/bonds/groups arranged differently in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do stereosiomers occur

A

They only occur in alkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do stereoisomers arise [2 marks]

A

Restricted rotation around the planer carbon-carbon double bond
Two different groups attached to each C of the C=C bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do you use E and Z when naming a stereosiomer

A

E when the two groups are on opposite sides
Z when the two groups are on ze zame zide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does CIP stand for
Explain it

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rule
-Look at atom directly bonded with C
-Atom with highest atomic number has highest priority
-If atom bonded to C is same, look at next atom bonded to C to work out highest priority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does a molecule not show stereoisomerism

A

-Each of the C in the C=C bond are not bonded to at least one substituent group
-If one of the double bond carbons have 2 C-H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stereoisomers Samsung notes

A

＼(^_^)／

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are alkanes Saturated or Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are some uses of alkanes
Fuels Lubricants
26
What is the main source of alkanes
Crude oil
27
What shape do alkanes form
Tetrahedral shape
28
What type of isomers exists in alkanes What is the relationship beyween chain length and number of isomers
Chain isomers which is a type of structural isomerism The number of isomers rises rapidly as chain length increases
29
What is the state of different chain alkanes at room temperature
Short alkane chains C5are gases C5 to C17 are liquids Longer carbon chains are waxy solids
30
Are alkanes polar or non polar and why
Non polar because difference in electronegativity betweeb carbon and Hydrogen is very small
31
How many intermolecular forces exist within alkanes and what are they
One which is van der waals forces
32
In an alkane, explain how Mr values of molecules and mp and BP are linked
The higher the Mr, the stronger the VDW forces, mp and BP increases
33
Do branches alkanes have a higher or lower mp and BP that straight chain moelcuels and explain why
Branched alkanes have lower mp and BP than straight chain molecules with the same number of C atoms becuase branched alkanes have a smaller surface area, straight chains packed together more closely, decreases strength of VDW forces, less energy needed to overcome the force
34
What substances are alkanes soluble and Insoluble in
Insoluble in water Soluble in non polar liquids
35
What substances are alkanes soluble and Insoluble in
Insoluble in water Soluble in non polar liquids
36
What is the reactivity of alkanes
Relatively unreactive Do not react with acids, bases, oxidising agent and reducing agents
37
Explain two substances alkanes do react with
Burn and react with halogens under suitable conditions Burn in oxygen (plentiful supply) to form carbon dioxide and water
38
Describe crude oil It is a rich and varied mixture of over...
Dark yellow to balck in colour and is a sticky viscous liquid ...180 carbon based Compounds
39
How does crude oil form
Remains of plants and animals covered in mud, silt and sand over millions of years High pressure causes it to become oil
40
In Fractional distillation, what is a fraction
A mixture of simialr chain length hydrocarbons so have similar boiling points
41
What is cracking What are the economical reasons for cracking What bond does this break
Process is which long chain hydrocarbons molecules are broken into shorter chain molecules -Smaller chain mkelcuels are higher in demand and products from cracking are more valuable and useful C-C bonds
42
Describe the process of thermal cracking Why does this produce free radicals
Long chain meolcurs are heated to very high temperatures (700K - 1200K) and high pressures (up to 7000kPa) for a short duration When C-C bond breaks, one electron from the pair goes to each C atom, shorter chains are produces which each have a carbon atom with an unpaired electron, these are called free radicals
43
What is broken during Fractional distillation When can these reform
Van Der Waals forces Condensing
44
Explain the process of Fractional distillation in crude oil
-Crude oil is heated in a furnace until a portion vapourises -Liquid vapour mixture passes up fractionating tower -The fractionating tower is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom(negative temperature gradient) -Shorter chains are collected at the top of the tower which is cooler as they have lower BP -When a substance reaches a layer that is cool enough, it condenses and is piped off -These distillates are known as fractions -A fraction is a group of Compounds that having similar BP and are removed at the same level of a fractionating tower
45
In nomenclature, what is the least to highest priority functional group
Halogens, alkyl groups, alkenes, other functional groups
46
What are the products of thermal cracking Why are alkanes duration in thermal cracking conditions for a very short time (1 second)
Produces a high proportion of alkenes To avoid too much decomposition to just carbon and hydrogen
47
Describe catalytic cracking
Long chain alkane is heated under pressure in the presence of a zeolite Catalyst Temperature- 450 degrees calcium Pressure - 1 to 2 atmospheres Time - 2 to 4 seconds
48
During catalytic cracking, what is being broken
Carbon to carbon bonds in alkane molecules
49
What is a zeolite Catalyst and what is its adaptation
An acidic material made of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide Honeycomb sturtcure to increase surface area which increases rate of reaction
50
What are the products of catalytic cracking
Branched alkanes cycloalkanes aromatic Compounds This method usually produces motor fuels
51
Cracking Samsung
πŸ’―
52
What are fuels What are used as fuels
Substances that release heat energy when they go through combustion Alkanes
53
When alkenes go through combustion, what is the relationship betweeb number of carbons and amount of heat energy released
The more carbons, the more heat energy released
54
Give some examples of alkane fuels
Methane Propane Butane Petrol Paraffin
55
What are two types of combustion
Complete combustion Incomplete combustion
56
What are the products of complete combustion
Carbon dioxide and water
57
When does incomplete combustion occur
When there is a limited supply of oxygen
58
What are the products of incomplete oxygen What are the products if there is even more limited oxygen
Carbon monoxide and water Carbon and water
59
Name some atmospheric pollutants
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Carbon particulate Unburnt hydrocarbons Carbon dioxide Water vapour
60
How does an internal combustion engine work Where do the products of combustion exit
They work where a small amount of fuel and large amount of oxygen is drawn into the combustion chamber Mixture is compressed and ignited with an extreme temperature spark The mixture bruns explosively, forcing movement of the engine parts The products of combustion exit via the exhaust
61
What do catalytic converters do
The internal combustion engine produces many pollutants which can be removed using catalytic convertors
62
What is a catalytic converter made from
Honeycomb made of ceramic material coated with platinum and rhodium metals and these metals are Catalysts
63
Why is the catalyst coated on ceramic honeycomb on a catalytic converter
Bigger surface area Increases rate of reaction Removes more of the gases Ensures complete reaction
64
Why is a thin layer of metal used on the ceramic honeycomb
To reduce the amount of metals needed Increase surface area
65
In a catalytic converter, as the pollutants pass over the catalyst, they react with eachother to form less harmful products Give two of these reactions
Carbon monoxide + Nitrogen oxide -> Nitrogen + carbon dioxide Hydrocarbons + Nitrogen oxide -> Nitrogen + carbon dioxide + water
66
What are the impacts of acid rain
Destroys trees and vegetation Corrodes building Kills fish in lakes
67
How can sulfur dioxide be removed and how is this done Why are these specific reactants used
Flue gas desulfurisation Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate are used to remove sulfur dioxide in an acid base reaction to produce gypsum These reactants are used as they are basic so they can neutralise the acid
68
Explain the greenhouse effect
Infrared radiation from the sun passes through mahers of gas in the atmosphere to hit the earth, which warms the earth up The infrared radiation from tbe earth travels back through the atmosphere where some is prevented from escaping into space by greenhouse gases
69
What is the importance of the greenhouse effect
It keeps temperatures on Earth warm enough to support life
70
What is global warming and what is it caused by
The increasing average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of the earth It is caused by a chnage in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
71
Why is global warming increasing recently
More fuels are burnt so more water and carbon dioxide released so more heat being trapped so earth's temperature increases
72
When is sulfur dioxide produced
Combustion of hydrocarbons containing sulfur
73
In a halogenoalkane, why is the C-X bond polar
The halogen atom is more electronegative that the carbon atom
74
As you go down group 7, what happens to the polarity of the bond in he haolgenalkane and why
The C-X bond becomes less polar because the electronegativity of the halogen atom decreases
75
How is BP and carbon chain length linked
Boiling point increases as carbon chain length increases
76
How is van der waals forces and relative molecular mass linked
Van der waals forces increases as relarive molecular mass increases
77
Do dipole dipole forces or van der waals forces affect the BP of a molecule the most
Van der waals forces
78
What is special about halogenoalkanes solubility in water and why
The carbon - halogen bond is polar but they are Insoluble in water, there are Hydrogen bonds in water and polar bonds can't overcome Hydrogen bonds
79
Where are halogenoalkanes soluble
Organic solvents
80
What are some uses of halogenoalkanes
Dry cleaning Fluids and degreasing agents
81
What are the products in the chlorination of alkanes
Mixture of chloroalkanes and Hydrogen chloride gas
82
What would you observe in the chlorination of alkanes
Misty white fumes
83
In step 2, propagation in chlorination of alkanes, what are the two equations when CH4 forms CH3Cl What is the 3 different termination equations that could occur
●Cl + CH4 => HCl + ●CH3 ●CH3 + Cl2 => CH3Cl + ●Cl ------------------------------------------ ●CH3 + ●CH3 => C2H6 ●CH3 + ●Cl => CH3Cl ●Cl + ●Cl => Cl2

Chemistry Paper 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions