INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY

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is dynamic and diverse as a kaleidoscope of ethnic, cultural and religious manifestations of the people who receive nursing care.

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NURSING

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melting-pot of the different knowledge, creeds and backgrounds of care and healing that has been collected and preserved since the dawn of time.

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NURSING SCIENCE

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vision; to look at or observe or speculate.

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Theoria/ Theorin

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a spectator

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Theoros

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2 MAIN forms of THEORY MANIFESTS

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1. common sense theories
2. scientific theories

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It provide personal explanations, to make sense and testing can have limitations and it could be imaginative explanations for significant events

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Commonsense Theories

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often proposing malicious intent “Conspiracy Theories”

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Commonsense Theories

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are elaborately defined & systematically structured

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SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

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aim to explain and predict events

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SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

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explains why or how that is based on experiments and facts.

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SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

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testing done through scientific method

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predictions are falsifiable

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It is an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions and assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena.

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THEORY

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A systematic explanation of an event in which constructs and concepts are identified and relationships are proposed and predications made

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THEORY

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is a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systemic view of phenomena

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THEORY

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COMPONENTS OF A THEORY

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Concept
Proposition
Definition
Assumption

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an idea formulated in the mind or an experience perceived and observed such as justice, love, war and disease.

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CONCEPT

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2 types/forms of Concept

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ABSTRACT

CONCRETE

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A kind of concept that is indirectly observed, intangible/ not having physical presence.

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ABSTRACT

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A kind of concept that is directly observed, tangible/ having physical presence.

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CONCRETE

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explains the relationships of different concepts.

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PROPOSITION

Question 21

If a patient’s pain intensity increases, then their emotional distress will also increase is what type of component?

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proposition

Question 22

It composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces vagueness in understanding a set of concepts

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DEFINITION

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2 Kinds of Definition

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OPERATIONAL

CONCEPTUAL

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It is broad, theoretical explanation of a term or concept used in a study or theory. It helps to establish the general meaning and understanding or the concept.

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CONCEPTUAL

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a specific and measurable description of how a concept will be measured or observed in a study.

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OPERATIONAL

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What type of definition is given: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It's a complex phenomenon that involves both physical and emotional components.

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CONCEPTUAL

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What type of definition is given: In a research study, pain could be operationally defined as "self-reported discomfort on a numerical pain scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable)." This allows researchers to measure and compare pain levels across participants

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OPERATIONAL

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a statement that specifies the relationship or connection of factual concepts of phenomena.

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ASSUMPTION

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY

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1. Theories must be logical in nature. 2. Theories should be simple but generally broad in nature. 3. Theories can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice. 4. Theories can be the source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated.

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is the "diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems" ANA

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NURSING

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encompasses "autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.

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NURSING

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“to assist clients in the performance of activities contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided, if they had the necessary will, strength or knowledge."

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Virginia Henderson

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a group of interrelated concepts that are developed from various studies of disciplines and related experiences.

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NURSING THEORY

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aims to view the essence of nursing care.

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NURSING THEORY

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF THEORIES

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1. Descriptive Theories 2. Explanatory Theories 3. Predictive Theories 4. Prescriptive Theories

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also known as Factor-Isolating Theories

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Descriptive Theories

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known as Factor-Relating Theories

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Explanatory Theories

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known as Situation-Relating Theories

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Predictive Theories

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also called Situation-Producing Theories

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Prescriptive Theories

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are known to be the primary level of theory development. They identify and describe major concepts of phenomena.

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Descriptive Theories

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Their main purpose is to present a phenomenon based on the five senses together with their corresponding meaning.

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Descriptive Theories

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are the type of theory that present relationship among concepts and propositions.

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Explanatory Theories

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These theories aim to provide information on how or why concepts are related. Cause and effect relationship are well explained

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Explanatory Theories

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This kind of theory is generated and tested using experimental research.

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Predictive Theories

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Achieved when the relationships of concepts under a certain condition are able to describe future outcomes consistently

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Predictive Theories

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"a Theoretical model based on the observation of the effects of unsanitary environmental condition on the recovery of the postoperative patients."

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Predictive Theories

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This kind of theory is commonly used in testing new nursing interventions.

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Prescriptive Theories

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This kind of theory is commonly used in testing new nursing interventions

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Prescriptive Theories

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'Laurente's (1996) theory validates and explains the different nursing management in the emergency room in relieving anxiety among its clients.'

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Prescriptive Theories

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are highly established set of concepts that are testable.

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Theoretical models or frameworks

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are representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory.

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Conceptual models or frameworks

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can be represented thru a diagram or in narrative form which shows how concepts are interrelated.

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Conceptual models or frameworks

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It is a structure of concepts or theories which are pulled together as a map for the study

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CONCEPTUAL

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It is a structure of concepts which exist or tested in the literature, a read-made map for the study

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THEORETICAL

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are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in Nursing.

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NURSING PARADIGMS

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(metaparadigms: Greek "meta" mean _______ and "paradeigma - ____)

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with , pattern

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The recipient of nursing care like individuals, families, and communities.

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person

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the external and internal aspects of life that influence the person.

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environment

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The holistic level of wellness that person experiences.

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health

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The interventions of the nurse rendering the client

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nursing

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KINDS OD NURSING PARADIGMS

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person health environment nursing

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the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of Nursing.

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PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING

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from the Latin 'scientia', meaning "knowledge," refers to any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study.

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science

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Scientific methods

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1. Observation 2. Gathering data 3. Forming hypothesis 4. Experimental investigation 5. Conclusion or Theoretical explanation

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Integration of knowledge and/or phenomenon by a rational/ sentient being.

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observation

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Recognition and collecting data for a particular scientific problem or inquiry.

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gathering data

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An attempt to explain or suggest a nature of a phenomenon.

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Forming hypothesis

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A set of examinations done to solve the particular query raised through the hypothesis statement.

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Experimental investigation

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A statement explaining a set of natural phenomena or a scientific query derived from experimental investigation

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conclusion or theoretical explanation

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Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences or through formal/informal learning such as formal education, self-study, and vocational.

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knowledge

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TYPES OF COGNITIVE PROCESS

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PERCEPTION ASSOCIATION LEARNING REASONING COMMUNICATION

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Achieving understanding of sensory data

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PERCEPTION

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Combining two or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept or for comparison

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ASSOCIATION

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Acquiring experience, skills, information, and values

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LEARNING

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Mental process of seeking conclusions through reason

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REASONING

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Transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication

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COMMUNICATION

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SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE (3)

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traditional, authoritative, and scientific knowledge.

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is a nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation.

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traditional knowledge

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"It's always been practiced this way."

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traditional knowledge

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is an idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his or her expertise.

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authoritative knowledge

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a type of knowledge which came from a scientific method through research. These new ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.

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Scientific knowledge

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sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing when in pain.

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PHENOMENON

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Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and metaparadigms (person, nursing. health, and environment)

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PHENOMENON