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Physiology > Introduction to Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system includes

A
  • Central nervous system

- Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

The central nervous system consists of

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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3
Q

The brain consists of

A
  • Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
  • Subcortical centres (Thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia)
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem (Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
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4
Q

Spinal cord number of segments and their divisions

A 
It is a soft tissue
31 segments 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
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5
Q

Division of the nervous system according to function

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Spinal cord (cross-section) shows it is formed of

A

Horns interiorly

Columns exteriorly

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7
Q

Horns are divided to:

A

Anterior (ventral) horn
Lateral horn
Posterior (dorsal) horn

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8
Q

Columns are divided to:

A

Anterior column
Lateral column
Dorsal column

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9
Q

Horns are formed from …….

A

grey matter

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10
Q

Columns are formed from …..

A

white matter

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11
Q

Dorsal horn is …… than the ventral horn

A

narrower

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12
Q

The fissure in the spinal cord points …….

A

Anteriorly

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13
Q

Cerebro-spinal fuid is found in the……..

A

central canal/edendymal canal

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14
Q

The PNS includes 2 types of nerves

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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15
Q

Cranial nerves

Number, origin and supply

A

They are 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Arise from the brain and brain stem
Connect the brain with different parts of the body

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16
Q

Cranial nerves arising from the brain:

A

1

2

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17
Q

Cranial nerves arising from midbrain

A

3

4

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18
Q

Cranial nerves arising from pons

A

5
6
7
8

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19
Q

Cranial nerves arising from medulla oblongata

A

9
10
11
12

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20
Q

Spinal nerves

Number, origin and connections

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
Connect the spinal cord with the body
Each nerve is connected to the spinal cord by 2 roots:
-Anterior root arise from the anterior horn cells and contains motor fibres
-Dorsal root enters the spinal cord at the dorsal horns and contains sensory fibres

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21
Q

Autonomic nerves origin

A

From the cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10

From the lateral horn cels of the spinal nerves (1-12 thoracic, 1-4 lumbar and 2-4 sacral

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system functions

A

It is the part of the nervous system that regulates the activity of the visera
It is involuntary

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23
Q

Activities of the viscera examples

A 
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscles
Exocrine glands
Adrenal medulla
Arterial blood presssure
GIT motility and secretions 
Urinary bladder emptying 
Sweating
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24
Q

Types of body functions

A
  • Voluntary
    • Under the control of our will
    • Carried by skeletal muscles
    • Controlled by somatic nervous system
  • Involuntary
    • Not under the control of our will
    • Carried by smooth muscles
    • Controlled by aAutonomic nervous system (involuntary/visceral nervous system)
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25
Q

Afferent nerves structure

A

Come from visceral structures, skin or muscles –> no difference in its structure in somatic or autonomic nervous system. Same entry point

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26
Q

Efferent nerve structure

A

Efferent fibres that goes to the viscera is autonomic nerve fibres
Efferent fibres that goes to the skeletal muscles is somatic nerve fibres

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27
Q

If the cell body of the nerve is present in the anterior horn cell, it carries …….. nerve fibres

A

Somatic

28
Q

If the cell body of the nerve is present in the lateral horn cell, it carries …….. nerve fibres

A

Autonomic

29
Q

Structural (anatomical) unit of the nervous system is the ……

A

Neuron

30
Q

Neuron is formed of:

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon

31
Q

Functional unit of nervous system is the …..

A

Reflex action

32
Q

Reflex action definition

A

It is a response to peripheral nervous stimulation

It is a type of protective mechanism

33
Q

Types of refelxes

A
  • Local axon reflex
  • Unconditioned reflex
  • Conditioned reflex
34
Q

Local axon reflex: It is characterized by:

A 
It is a primitive reflex.
It consists of: 
-Receptor.
-Afferent.
-Efferent (that is a branch of the afferent.)
-It has no center
35
Q

Unconditioned reflexes:

A

They are inborn reflexes (i.e. present at the time of birth).
They need no previous learning or training.
They do not require the integrity of the cerebral cortex.
Their centers present at various levels in the spinal cord and brain stem.
Example: The introduction of food into the mouth -> reflex secretion of saliva

36
Q

Conditioned reflexes:

A

They are acquired reflexes (i.e. developed after birth).
They need previous learning and training.
They require the integrity of the cerebral cortex.
Their centers present in the cerebral cortex.
Example: Vision or smell of food reflex secretion of saliva.

37
Q

Examples of unconditioned reflexes

A 
acomodation
light blinking
jumping with loud sound
defecation 
jerk on tapping tendon
hand away from hot objects
38
Q

The anatomical nervous pathway for the refelx action is …..

A

The reflex arc

39
Q

Components of the reflex arc

A
  • Receptor
  • Affrent
  • Centre
  • Effrent
  • Effector organ
40
Q

2 Types of relex arcs

A
  • Somatic (voluntary) reflex

- Autonomic (involuantry) reflex

41
Q

Somatic reflex arc

Receptors, affrent neurons, centre, effrent neurons, effector organ

A

-Present on somatic structures (skin, skeletal muscles)
-They enter the CNS via the dorsal root of the spinal nerves or cranial nerves of brain stem
They have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia or in similar ganglia in the cranial nerves
-The centre is the anterior horn cell in the spinal cord or the somatic cranial nerve nucleus in the brain stem
-The efferent neurons leave the CNS via the ventral root of the spinal nerves or corresponding motor cranial nerves
-The effector organs are skin and skeletal muscles

42
Q

Autonomic reflex arc

Receptors, affrent neurons, centre, effrent neurons, effector organ

A
  • Receptors are present in the viscera
  • They enter the CNS via the dorsal root of the spinal nerves
  • The centre is the lateral horn cell in the spinal cord or the visceral cranial nerve nucleus in the brain stem
  • The efferent neurons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root as pre-ganglionic fibres to relay in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS (white ramus) and emerges as post-ganglionic fibres (grey ramus)
  • The effector organs are the viscera and glands
43
Q

There is only one central synapse between the affrent and effrent neurones:

A

Monosynaptic reflex arc

44
Q

There are 1 or more interneurons between the afferent and effrent neurons

A

Polysynaptic reflex arc

45
Q

Autonomic ganglia

Definition

A

They are collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS where the preganglionic fibres relay with the post ganglionic fibres

46
Q

Types of autonomic ganglia

A

Lateral (paravertebral) ganglia
Collateral ganglia
Terminal ganglia

47
Q

Lateral (paravertebral) ganglia

Sites and type ot autonomic relay

A

The lateral ganglia form the sympathetic hain on either sides of the spinal cord
They extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx
They are relay for sympathetic fibres only

48
Q

There are ……. pairs of lateral ganglia

A

22-24

49
Q

Cervical ganglia

A

They are 3 pairs

Superior, middle and inferior

50
Q

The inferior cervical ganglia may join the first 1 or 2 thoracic ganglia to form

A

stellate ganglion

51
Q

Thoracic ganglia

A

10-12 pairs

52
Q

Lumbar ganglia

A

4 pairs

53
Q

Sacral ganglia

A

4 pairs

54
Q

Coccygeal ganglia

A

One pair only

55
Q

Collateral ganglia

Sites, types of autonomic relay, their names

A

They are situated near the abdominal aorta at the origin of big arterial branches
They relay for sympathetic and some parasympathetic fibres (pelvic nerve)
They are:
- Celiac ganglion
- Superior mesentric ganglion
- Renal ganglion
- Hypogastric ganglion

56
Q

Terminal ganglia

Sites, type of autonomic relay

A

They are present in the walls of organs

they relay for parasympathetic fibres only

57
Q

Functions of autonomic ganglia

A

They act as distributing centres

58
Q

One sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibre can activate …… post-ganglionic fibres

A

32

59
Q

One parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibre can activate …… post-ganglionic fibres

A

2-3

60
Q

Properties of autonomic ganglia

A
  • Unidirectional conduction
  • One relay
  • The chemical transmitter is acetylcholine
  • Delay of transmission (Conduction in the autonomic ganglia takes longer ~5ms)
  • Convergance (Multiple pre and one post)
  • Divergance (Multiple post and one pre)
61
Q

Reciprocal action

A

When one system is stimulated the other system is inhibited in the same effector organ
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic act in synchronized manner
The cardiac muscle is double innervated
Sympathetic leads to stimulation of the heart properties
Parasympathetic leads to inhibition of all heart properties

62
Q

Antagonist action

A

Sumpathetic and parasympathetic have an opposite action in the same organ but on different tissues.
No need for synchronization
The GIT and pupil of eye
Sympatetic causes:
Decrease in evacuation of GIT
Radial muscles to contract so wider pupil
Parasympathetic causes:
Increase in evaculation of GIT
Circular muscles to contract so narrower pupil

63
Q

Complementary action

A

One system starts the action and the other completes it
-Act of grief
Sympathetic gives energy of performance (sadness), parasympathetic produces the resuting weeping sign ( tears from lacrimal glands)
-Coitus
Parasympathetic causes erection of erictile tissue of penis and clitoris and produce seminal secretions Sympathetic produces ejaculation and orgasm

64
Q

The same action

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic produce the same action in some organs like the salivary glands
Parasympathetic —> profuse watery salivary secretion poor in enzymes
Sympathetic —> trophic salivary secretion poor in amount but rish in enzymes

65
Q

SIngle innervations

A

Some organs are suuplied by one autonomic system

66
Q

Structures supplied by sympathetic only

A

a) Dilator pupillary muscle.
b) Skin (blood vessels, erector Bili muscle & sweat glands).
c) Skeletal blood vessels.
d) Mammalian ventricle.
e) Suprarenal medulla

67
Q

Structures supplied by parasympathetic only

A

i) Constrictor pupillary muscle.
ii) Ciliary muscle.
iii) Gastric and pancreatic glands.
iv) Lacrimal and bronchial glands.

Physiology (2 decks)

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