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BFOM Exam 4 > Introduction to Neoplasm > Flashcards

Introduction to Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumor

A

swelling, morbid (disease-related) enlargement

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2
Q

Define cancer

A

neoplastic disease – natural course is progressive and fatal

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3
Q

Define neoplasm

A

new abnormal growth – specifically a new growth of tissue that is uncontrolled and progressive

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4
Q

Define and describe neoplasia

A
  • growing population of cells that have escaped normal regulatory mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis; and behave with varying degrees of autonomy
  • do not function according to prescribed role
  • abnormal cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions
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5
Q

What cell/tissue tumors are not neoplasms?

A

Hamartoma
-mass of irregularly formed, mature tissue present at a site where such tissue is normally found
-don’t share normal function and structure of surrounding tissue
-ex. cartilage and smooth muscle in the lungs
Choristoma
-developmental abnormalities
-mass of irregularly formed, mature tissue present at a site where such tissue is NOT normally found
-ectopic location of tissue
-ex. pancreatic exocrine tissue in wall of stomach

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6
Q

Neoplasia involves changes in gene expression. What processes does this affect?

A
  • apoptosis
  • proliferation
  • differentiation
  • Cell-cell & cell-ECM interactions
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7
Q

Explain tumorigenesis process

A

non-lethal genetic muatation —> altered gene expression —> altered proteins

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of cancer genes?

A
  • growth promoting: gain of function of proto-oncogenes
  • growth inhibiting: loss of function of tumor suppressor genes
  • genes regulating apoptosis: loss of function to pro-apoptotic genes, gain of function to anti-apoptotic genes
  • genes regulating DNA repair: loss of function
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9
Q

10 fundamental changes in cell physiology in cancer cells

A
  • self sufficiency in growth signals
  • insensitivity to growth-inhibiting signals
  • altered cellular metabolism
  • evasion of apoptosis
  • limitless replicative potential
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • ability to invade and metastatize
  • ability to evade immune system
  • tumor-promoting inflammation
  • genomic stability/mutator phenotype
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10
Q

What is Li Fraumeni syndrome?

A

-germline mutation in p53 with predisposition for cancers of multiple organs

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11
Q

How does HPV promote cancer?

A

E6 promotes degradation of p53

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12
Q

Describe the apoptotic gene effects in cancer

A
  • overexpression of BCL2 extends cell survival and permits proliferation
    • follicular lymphoma: more likely to have chromosomal translocation of BCL2
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13
Q

Describe DNA repair in cancer cells

A
  • mutation in DNA repair genes lead to “mutation phenotype”

- BRCA-1, BRCA-2 (ovarian and breast cancer), MLH1, MSH2 (herditary nonpolyposis colon cancer)

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14
Q

Where do cancer genes come from?

A
  • germline cells: inherited
  • somatic: mutated
    • infidelity of DNA replication and maintenance
    • ROS generated during metabolism
    • environmental: carcinogens, ionizing raditaion, viral
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15
Q

What are the routes of metastasis?

A

Hematogenous: pulmonary, portal, or systemic circulation
Lymphatic: lymphatic drainage or sentinel lymph node
Body surface/caivity/space: peritoneal, pleural, CSF

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16
Q

Define iatrogenic

A

cause is medical intervention (spill cells or puncture BM)

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17
Q

Local effects of primary tumor or metastases

A
  • mass effect: visible or palpable, impinging on other structures
  • destructive effects: bleeding, bone changes, pain
  • alterations in function: increased or decreased function
18
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

(distant or systemic effects)

  • may represent intial presentation of occult neoplasms (strange signs/symptoms)
  • may cause significant morbidity or mortality
  • classified by 1+ of the following: endocrinopathies; nerve and muscle symptoms; dermatologic; vascular hematologic
19
Q

Screenings for cancer

A
  • to detect early possible presence of cancer; find early or pre-neoplastic cells
  • ex) pap smear, PSA, mammography, colonoscopy
  • needs to make sense and be cost effective
20
Q

Incidental findings

A

-cancer is discovered accidentally

21
Q

What are the 3 key elements of tumor diagnosis?

A

Tissue type: histologic, cytologic, molecular “signatures”
Grade: degree of resemblence to normal counterpart
Stage: size and extent of tumor

22
Q

How are benign tissues named?

A

-oma
OR
in situ _______carcinoma

23
Q

How are malignant epithelial tissues named?

A

-carcinoma

24
Q

How are malignant mesenchymal, muscle, and vascular tissues named?

A

-sarcoma

25
Q

How many cell types are in a tumor?

A

usually 1, but sometimes more – teratomas & pleomorphic adenoma

26
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant connective tissue tumors?

A

Fibroma –> fibrosarcoma
Lipoma –> liposarcoma
Chondroma –> chondrosarcoma
Osteoma –> Osteosarcoma

27
Q

Name blood vessel tumors

A

hemangioma –> angiosarcoma

28
Q

Name lymph vessel tumors

A

lymphangioma –> lymphangiosarcoma

29
Q

Name hematopoeitic tumors

A

Leukemia (no benign, only malignant)

30
Q

Name lymphoid tissue tumors

A

Lymphoma (no benign, only malignant)

31
Q

Name smooth muscle tumors

A

Leiomyoma –> leiomyosarcoma

32
Q

Name striated muscle tumors

A

Rhabdomyoma –> rhabdomyosarcoma

33
Q

Name tumors that come from epithelial lining of glands or ducts

A

Adenoma –> adenocarcinoma

papilloma –> papillary carcinomas

34
Q

Name melanocyte tumors

A

Nevus –> malignant melanoma

35
Q

What is a fibroid?

A

fibrous-like tissue

36
Q

Compare the rate of growth between benign and malignant tumors

A

Benign: slow and progressive; may come to standstill or regress
Malignant: eratic

37
Q

Compare the differentiation of tissues in benign and malignant tumors

A

B: well differentiated; can differ from surrounding tissue
M: some lack differentiation; structure is often atypical

38
Q

What are the grades of tumors?

A

Grade 1: well differentiated – low grade
Grade 2: moderately differentiated – low grade
Grade 3: poorly differentiated – high grade
Grade 4: undifferentiated (anaplastic) – highest grade

39
Q

Stages of cancer

A

Determined using TMN system

  • Tumor – T1-T4 – based on size and extent of tumor
  • Nodal status – N0-N3 – presence or extent of lymph node metastasis (how close or far from primary tumor)
  • Metastasis – M0-M1 – presence of metastasis
40
Q

Most common types of cancer for men and women

A

Men: Prostate –> lung –> colon
Women: Breast –> lung –> colon

41
Q

Most common cancer deaths for men and women

A

Men: Lung –> prostate –> colon
Women: Lung –> breast –> colon

42
Q

What are the basic modes of intervention/treatment?

A

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Thermal: cryotherapy or radiofrequency ablation
Biologics: monoclonal antibodies; cytokines

BFOM Exam 4 (9 decks)

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