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Clinical Anatomy Muscles 1 > INTRODUCTION TO MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle cells (fibers)?

A
  1. Has the ability to contract
  2. Mediate motion
  3. Converts chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy
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2
Q

What is the function of actin and myosin filaments?

A
  1. Form the bulk of cytoplasmic volume of muscle cells

2. Mediate and contract muscle cells

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3
Q

What are the functions of muscular tissue? (6)

A
  1. Produce body movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Joint stabilization
  4. Heat generation (involuntary contractions: shivering)
  5. Regulate organ volume
  6. Movement of substances within the body (blood, lymph, urine, air, food, and sperm)
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4
Q

What are 4 basic properties of muscles?

A
  1. Contractility (Muscle tissue responds to stimuli by contracting lengthwise, or shortening; GENERATE PULLING FORCE)
  2. Extensibility (Stretch with contraction of an opposing muscle)
  3. Elasticity (Recoils passively after being stretched)
  4. Excitability (Nerve fibers cause electrical impulse to travel)
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5
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Striated appearance
  2. More powerful
  3. Less resistant to fatigue
  4. Part of somatic nervous system
  5. Attach to bones, cartilage, skin, ligaments, fascia, sclera, mucous membrane of the tongue, upper part of esophagus
  • moves bones and other structures
  • each is surrounded by a cell membrane (sarcolemma)
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6
Q

What is Cardiac muscles?

A
  1. Striated appearance
  2. Less powerful
  3. More resistant to fatigue
  4. Part of the Autonomic nervous system
  5. Part of the Heart and walls of large veins as they enter the heart
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7
Q

What is Smooth Muscles?

A
  1. Unstriated appearance
  2. Less powerful
  3. Sustained contractions
  4. Part of the Autonomic nervous system
  5. Found in walls of the viscera, tunica media of blood vessels, dermis (arrector pili), intrinsic muscles of eye, and Dartos muscle
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8
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  1. Long, cylindrical multinucleated
  2. Do not branch
  3. Sacrolemma surrounds cell (excitable membrane)
  4. Contain myofibrils (bundles/fascicles of myofilaments: Actin: Thin and Myosin: Thick)
  5. Nuclei just beneath sacrolemma
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9
Q

What are RED FIBERS? (6)

A
  1. Slow twitch fibers
  2. Small fibers (single contraction)
  3. Contract slowly
  4. Prolonged sustained activity
  5. Major fibers in Humans
  6. Maintain an erect posture
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10
Q

What are WHITE FIBERS? (6)

A
  1. Fast twitch fibers
  2. Large fibers
  3. Rapid contraction
  4. Fatigue more easily
  5. Extraocular muscles
  6. Digits muscles
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11
Q

What are the 2 classification of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  1. Red fibers

2. White fibers

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12
Q

What are Type 2 A (intermediate) skeletal muscle fibers? (8)

A
  • Contain properties of both white and red fibers (White fibers tho)
    1. Medium diameter
    2. Intermediate Smooth reticulum and t tubules
    3. Intermediate Mitochondria
    4. Abundant blood vessels
    5. Aerobic/Anaerobic
    6. High glycogen
    7. Narrow Sarcomeres
    8. Intermediate myoglobin
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13
Q

What is Type 1 Red fiber properties? (8)

A
  1. Small diameter
  2. Least amount of SR and t-tubules
  3. Abundant mitochondria
  4. Abundant blood vessels
  5. Aerobic
  6. Low glycogen
  7. Wide sarcomeres
  8. Abundant myoglobin
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14
Q

What is Type 2 White fiber properties? (8)

A
  1. Large diameter
  2. Most amount of SR and t-tubules
  3. Sparse mitochondria
  4. Sparse blood vessels
  5. Aerobic/Anaerobic
  6. High glycogen
  7. Narrow sarcomeres
  8. Sparse myoglobin
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15
Q

What is a basement membrane is skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Contain Satellite cells (precursors to skeletal muscle cells)
  2. Represent persistent myoblasts
  3. Regenerate muscle after injury
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16
Q

What is Endomysium?

A
  1. Found in skeletal muscles
  2. A network of loose CT (collagenous and reticular fibers)
  3. Contains a network of capillaries
  4. Contain the terminal ends of nerve fibers
17
Q

What is Perimysium?

A
  1. Found in skeletal muscles

2. Surrounds each fascicle

18
Q

What is Epimysium?

A
  1. Found in skeletal muscles

2. Dense CT that surround a collection of fascicles

19
Q

What is the Functions of Connective Tissues in skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Nutrition (blood vessels, capillaries, nerve)
  2. Protection and shaping the muscles
  3. Force transduction

*Transfer forces developed by skeletal muscles to their site of attachment

20
Q

What are the different shapes of CT in skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Cords or straps (Tendons)
  2. Broad and thin sheet (Aponeurosis)
  3. Thin layer (Fasciae)
21
Q

What is a muscle contraction?

A
  1. An attempt on the part of muscle to approximate one end to the other end of the muscle
22
Q

What is Agonist?

A
  1. “Prime mover” muscles that cause a movement to occur through their own contraction
    * Active in initiating and maintaining the desired movement
23
Q

What is Antagonists?

A
  1. Muscles perform opposite functions and are generally located on the opposite sides of the joint
    * Oppose the action of agonist
24
Q

What is Synergists?

A
  1. Assist to accomplish the desired movement by preventing movement at joints other than the joints involved in the desired movement
  2. Muscles that contract together in accomplishing a particular movement

*EX: Flexion of the fingers at interphalangeal joints

Ex: Contraction of the extensor muscles (prevent flexion of the hand at the wrist)

25
Q

What is Fixator?

A
  1. Steady proximal parts of a limb while movement are occurring in the distal part
26
Q

What are 2 contractile properties of muscles?

A
  1. Isotonic Contraction

2. Isometric Contraction

27
Q

What is Isotonic Contraction?

A
  1. Tension remains constant
  2. Length of muscle changes

*Load is moved

28
Q

What is Isometric Contraction?

A
  1. Tension changes
  2. Length of muscle remains constant

*NO MOVEMENT OCCURS

Clinical Anatomy Muscles 1 (3 decks)

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