Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds Neuro > Introduction to Motor Development > Flashcards

Introduction to Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

Reflex-Hierarchical Theory

A
  • brain develops in predictable and hierarchical manner
  • as brain develops we develop skills
  • this was developed because of primitive reflexes.
  • also dealt with milestones (ie: crawl before walk)

*RIGID THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How true is the is the Reflex-Hierarchical Theory?

A

not true brain processes develop in parallel

we now know about neural networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuromaturational Models of development are responsible for developing what important concept?

A

Developmental Milestones
(Gesell’s theory is known as a maturational-developmental theory.)

motor milestones describe what skills change and when they change. This is useful in knowing whether a child is progressing typically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of cognitive theories

A

Behavioral

Piagetian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

stimulus-response approach

environment is everything -based on past experiences

positive/negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aba theory is used for which population? This is based off of which theory?

A

Autism

Behavioral theory

  • problem with this is variation, this is generalized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Piagetian Theory stages

A

–Sensorimotor (0-2)
–Pre-operational (2-7)
–Concrete Operational (7-11)
–Formal Operational (11+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did the Piagetian Theory provide us with?

A

Gives a framework. Some hold true some doesn’t. But what he did do is make children active participants.

They acted on their environment in order to learn. they are not passive.

Active participation is very important when it comes to development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is motor development theories based on?

A

Focus is on processes involved in attaining skills

motor skills are not just reactive it is a form of problem solving (how do i get from here to toy)

skills happen in parallel - fluid and dynamic

performance is dependent on many different factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

There are many factors to consider. Development is more complex than the maturation within the CNS

• Emergence of postural control/motor skill is ascribed to complex interactions between multiple systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is one of the core principles of DST

A

Everything will move along as is, unless there is a perturbation.
ie: crawling to walking. there has to be some turbulence - maybe they want a toy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Principles of Dynamic Systems Theory (3) and what are they

A

• Stability and Instability
-As you get more skilled at something you will need more perturbation to change. If someone already has a habit (ie: toe walkers) you will need to work harder to break that happen. the connections are established. More stable needs more perturbation. They would need more dosing!

• Self-organization
-humans do what is most efficient. Babies self organize to figure out best way of moving. This is basses on all other systems. Maybe there is a problem.

• Interactions of countless factors over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to babies as they learn a new skill

A

as babies learn a new skill their old skills get worse - you need to see if this is normative or not

Principle of Turbulence. This is an important concept of DST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does stepping reflex ‘disappear’ only to re-emerge? What was found? (Thelen and Fisher)

A

It does not disappear (an reappear as walking).

She did a kinematic and EMG study.

As body mass spiked stepping in standing decreased. upright biomechanically harder. chumby babies step less than skinny babies - has nothing to do with cortical maturation. has to do with biomechanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a reflex?

A

It is a hardwired motor program that you get for free

You are born with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What systems interact during development?

A
  • Neural
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Respiratory • Sensory
  • Organization of multiple inputs
  • Internal representations for feedback control
  • Anticipatory control development
  • Environment
  • Task
17
Q

Interacting Systems in Development

A
  • Neural
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Respiratory
  • Sensory
  • Organization of multiple inputs
  • Internal representations for feedback control
  • Anticipatory control development
  • Environment
  • Task
18
Q

Example of Different Systems Involved in Development of Upright Locomotion

A
  • Reciprocal lower extremity activity
  • Development of flexor /extensor muscle activity

• Changes in size and
composition of body

  • Synchronization of movement
  • Visual feedback for maintaining position
  • Knowing goal of task
  • Motivation to move
19
Q

Explain the Stepping Reflex study and its findings.

A

She did a kinematic and EMG study. In supine and standing.
They also did two studies one with babies in water and one with baby in supine with ankle weights. water babies stepped more and weighted babies stepped less. this proved that this was a mechanical issue and not a cortical one.

20
Q

Explain the Stepping Reflex study and its findings.

A

She did a kinematic and EMG study. In supine and standing.
They also did two studies one with babies in water and one with baby in supine with ankle weights. water babies stepped more and weighted babies stepped less.

***This proved that this was a mechanical issue and not a cortical one. (move away from reflex hierarchical theory to DST)

Fat is very important for babies and muscle has not had time to catch up to the chubbiness

21
Q

Extrinsic Factors deal with and why are they important?

A

Environment and task

very important to motor learning. it is different walking in a quiet room to walking outside.

22
Q

What are some examples of different systems involved in developing upright walking

A
  • Reciprocal lower extremity activity
  • Development of flexor/extensor muscle activity
  • Changes in size and composition of body
  • Synchronization of movement
  • Visual feedback for maintaining position (vestibular system)
  • Knowing goal of task
  • Motivation to move
23
Q

Neuronal Group Selection Theory deals with

A

Variability is the hallmark of typical motor development

24
Q

How does the DST help us with treatment?

A

-have to consider multiple factors
When evaluating a child we should ask:
why are they moving they way they are moving?
what is limiting the child?
what are ways we can access the system to make a change?

25
Q

Neuronal Group Selection Theory

A

Explains the relationship of brain to behavior
-how the system solves the problem of managing movement with multiple degrees of freedom

3 basic tenets
1) Formation of primary repertoire of species-specific connections and behaviors——>how the anatomy of the brain is produced during development

2) Development of secondary repertoire based on selective activation following individual experience
- ->how experience selects for strengthening certain patterns of response from the anatomic structures

3) Primary and secondary repertoires form maps through multiple connections
- ->how the resulting maps of the brain give rise to uniquely individual behavioral functions through a process called reentry

26
Q

What does this quote mean “Variability is the hallmark of typical motor development”?

A

Anytime you see a child or adult moving with very rigid to predictable patterns, or always choosing the same way for an end result. There is some flag that need to go up. They have obligatory strategies.

(ie: think about how many ways you get out of bed - we have a lot of different options)

27
Q

Nervous System Maturation

A

• Importance & plasticity of the nervous system
-plasticity - the ability to change adapt and find new solutions

• Coordination of multiple levels of the nervous system for increasingly complex motor behavior and control
-it is about the complexity of networks and as we incorporate different levels we have increased complexity of motor development –> progression of skill (behavior, vestibular, etc).

• Interplay between genetics and experience

28
Q

Difference between variation and variability

A

• Variation: presence of broad repertoire of motor function
–we all come with this because of our genetic code of being human

• Variability: capacity to select best strategy for task
–ability to select the best strategy at the moment. the one that is most efficient for you (individual)

29
Q

How does one go from a broad repertoire of motor function that is species specific to an individual motor function?

A

Experience and trial and error

early on (infants) genetic component is important but as a baby or child develops that becomes less important because they will develop their own unique strategies

30
Q

How do we get primary and secondary repertoires to link?

A

• Generalized movements (spontaneous movements) transitioning to intentional goal directed movements

A lot of opportunity for trial and error

31
Q

When does the shift happen from primary to secondary

A

By 18 months of age most of this shift has happened

32
Q

Primary Repertoire/Variability

A

• Abundant variation, with exploration of all possible solutions
–Afferent information from exploration initially not used for adaptation to environmental constraints

• Shift –afferent information used for adaptation leading to next phase

33
Q

Secondary Repertoire/Variability

A

• Experience driven trial and error, unique to individual
–Period of selection

34
Q

What happens with NGST in atypical development?

A

• Reduced variation –unable to experience as many strategies
–May use ‘atypical, inefficient’ strategy as this is only option!

• Reduced selection
–prolonged trial and error making their movements appear more variable
–Need much more experience to find best strategy for specific motor tas

35
Q

NGST and the implications for PTs when it comes to children with atypical development

A

Think about it for problem solving and evaluation.

What is potentially limiting their progress (why is child only using one strategy)

  • also tells you that this is the only way a child can move. Therefore is their most efficient way - if you help strengthen their systems, you can help provide more ways that are more efficient
36
Q

Why is it important to use play when working with kids

A

It is a way to access motivation

Peds Neuro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions