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Introduction to microorganisms and infection Flashcards

1
Q

List in order the 6 stages of the chain of infection

A

Infectious Agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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2
Q

List 4 major reservoirs of diseases that infect humans

A

Humans, animals, soil and water

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3
Q

Diseases that are transmitted from animals are called?

A

Zoonoses

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4
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

How an infectious microorganism leaves the reservoir/human body

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5
Q

List three human portals of exit?

A

Respiratory, digestive system, skin and blood.

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6
Q

What are the main modes of transmission of disease?

A

Contact
Common Vehicle
Vector

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7
Q

What is contact transmission?

A

Direct, indirect, and or droplets

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8
Q

What is common vehicle transmission?

A

Via air, water and food

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9
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

mechanical, biological

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10
Q

What is direct contact in the mode of transmission?

A

Close or intimate contact between the infected host and susceptible individual

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11
Q

What is an indirect contact in the mode of transmission?

A

microbes transferred from one host to another via a non-living object eg door handle

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12
Q

In the category of contract transmission, what is a droplet transmission?

A

Where droplets falling less than one metre, (sneezing, speaking etc) can spread droplets from the upper respiratory tract.

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13
Q

In a virus what surrounds the DNZ/RNA?

A

Capsid

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14
Q

Do all viruses have a membrane-like envelop that surrounds the capsid?

A

NO

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15
Q

What does obligate intracellular parasite mean?

A

A virus needs a host in order to replicate.

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16
Q

List the 5 steps of viral replication

A 
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
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17
Q

Name two examples of common viral infections

A

Common cold, Measles, Mumps

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18
Q

What is a fomite?

A

An inanimate object like a door handle can be a vehicle for the transmission of an infectious agent.

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19
Q

A fomite is (in the chain of transmission)?

A

An indirect contact transmission

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20
Q

Common vehicle transmissions (airborne) must be able to survive what sort of conditions?

A

tolerate dry conditions, outside host

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21
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted via airborne common vehicle transmission?

A

Measles and chickenpox.

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22
Q

Common vehicle transmission - airborne, organisms must be carried in air current for more than….. …..

A

one metre otherwise is it a droplets contact transmission. (if less than one metre)

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23
Q

Common vehicle transmission via waterborne transmission occurs…….

A

when there is faecal contamination of the water used for drinking and bathing

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24
Q

Common vehicle transmission via foodborne transmission occurs ……

A

when organisms are introduced by poor hygiene, lack of sanitation and or poor food handling. Contaminated food and water.

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25
Vector transmission of infection occurs via two different modes...
Mechanical and Biological
26
Vector transmission of infection via mechanical is .....
transport of microorganisms on the outside of an insects body (eg flies feet)
27
Vector transmission of infection via biological is.....
an insect vector bites a host, ingests blood containing microorganisms then infects another host, also some microorganisms require the host and the vector to complete its life cycle ....malaria parasite.
28
List in order the 6 stages of infection?
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
29
List 3 major reservoirs of diseases that infect humans
Humans, animals, soil and water (environmental)
30
Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called?
Zoonoses
31
What is a portal of exit?
How an infectious microorganism leaves the reservoir / human body.
32
List 3 human portals of exit
Respiratory system, digestive system, skin and blood, reproductive system
33
Name the 3 main modes of disease transmission?
Contact (direct, indirect, droplets), Common Vehicle (via air water and food) and Vector (mechanical and biological)
34
List 5 strategies to prevent disease transmission?
``` SHIIT Sanitation Hygiene Immunisation Isolation Treatment ```
35
What does sanitation mean?
The provision of clean and or treated water, refuse collection and disposal including sewage treatment.
36
What is the portal of entry
How an infectious microorganism gains entry into a new host
37
List 3 ways standard precautions are being used to break the chain of infection for COVID
Face masks, PPE, Hand washing, Isolation
38
State different populations which may be susceptible hosts?
Young, aged or elderly, chronically ill, sick or immunocompromised, People who have chemotherapy or high doses of steroids. People with open wounds.
39
How could we protect susceptible hosts?
Ensure effective use of Standard Precautions, treat their underlying disease/condition. Ensure they have appropriate nutrition, vaccination.
40
Describe the advantages and limitations of antibiotics over other anti-microbial drugs?
an antimicrobial agent is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
41
What are examples of microbial agents?
Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body. Antimicrobial drugs are agents which act on microbes that infect the body.
42
What two things do microbial drugs do?
They either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes.
43
List three categories of antimicrobial drugs?
Antibiotics Chemically synthesised antimicrobials Semi-synthetic drugs
44
What are antibiotics
A substance produced by a microorganism that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism.
45
What are chemically synthesised antimicrobials?
Made in a lab
46
What are semi-synthetic drugs?
made by a microorganism, but modified in a lab.
47
The advantage of antibiotics over other antimicrobial agents is their...........
selective toxicity.
48
Antibiotics target the ....... cells of bacteria leaving human ........cells alone.
prokaryote, eukaryote
49
The limitations of antibiotic drugs are:
Not effective on viruses. Can kill good bacteria (normal flora) There are few which are effective against fungal or protozoan infections.
50
The more antibiotics are used, the more likely they will come...
resistant
51
To reduce the problem of resistance we need to...
Limit the use of antibiotics, finish the prescribed course of treatment.
52
List three groups of people who might be susceptible hosts
Elderly, Chronically ill, Young Children, People with open wounds/burns
53
List three things that could be done to help protect a susceptible host from potential infection?
Stand precautions, treat underlying conditions, vaccination, nutrition and lifestyle
54
Antibiotics are most effective against which type of microorganism?
Bacteria
55
Why do antibiotics not harm human cells?
Antibiotics target prokaryote cells and humans have eukaryote cells.
56
List three reservoirs of infectious diseases?
Animals, Humans, and the environment (soil and water)
57
Name the three main modes of disease transmission?
Contact (direct, indirect, droplets), Common Vehicle (via air, water, food) and vector (mechanical and biological)
58
Common Vehicle mode is droplets more than
a metre
59
List 5 strategies to prevent disease transmission?
Sanitation, hygiene practices, immunisation, isolation, treatment. S.H.I.I.T.
60
Name two different groups of cells
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
61
Viruses are not Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes as they are
Acellular, they are another separate category. They don't meet the criteria of a living cell.
62
List 3 ways protozoa can move
Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia (or through a vector eg mosquito)
63
List five steps for virus replication
Attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release | An energic rabbit acts randy A.E.R.A.R.

Human Body & Microbial Science (6 decks)

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