Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunity and Infection > Introduction To Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of taxonomy

A

Systematic classification of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of obligate aerobes

A

Organism that needs O2 to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of facultative anaerobes

A

Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if O2 present

Can switch to fermentation/aerobic respiration if O2 absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of obligate anaerobes

A

Organisms that die in the presence of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition of nucleocapsid

A

Capsid of virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition of trophozoite

A

Metabolically active growth stage in protozoa life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Definition of cyst

A

Dormant stage in protozoa life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of yeast

A

Single celled fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition of hyphae

A

Long branching filamentous structure in fungi

Collectively known as mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of porins

A

Facilitate movement of charged molecules across the bacterial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of antiphagocytic

A

Impeding/preventing action of phagocytes/phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of conjugation

A

Sex pili used to form a bridge between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of transduction

A

Process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell by a virus or viral vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition of transformation

A

Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definition of tropism

A

Cells and tissues of a host that support growth of the bacterium/virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definition of serotype

A

Variation in bacteria/viruses based on cell surface antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 5 types of microbe

A 
Parasites (Helminths, Protozoa)
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
prions
18
Q

Characteristics of viruses

  • Cells
  • Nucleic acid
  • Type of nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Nature of outer surface
  • Method of replication
A 
No cells
DNA or RNA
No nucleus
No ribosomes
No membrane bound organelles
Protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope
Needs host machinery to reproduce
19
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

  • Cells
  • Nucleic acid
  • Type of nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Nature of outer surface
  • Method of replication
A 
Has cells
DNA and RNA
Prokaryotic
70S
no membrane bound organelles
Rigid cell wall with peptodoglycan
Binary fission
20
Q

Characteristics of fungi

  • Cells
  • Nucleic acid
  • Type of nucleus
  • Ribsomes
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Nature of outer surface
  • Method of replication
A 
Has cells
DNA and RNA
Eukaryotic
80S
Has membrane bound organelles
Rigid chitin cell wall
Budding/mitosis
21
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa/helminths

  • Cells
  • Nucleic acid
  • Type of nucleus
  • Ribsomes
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Nature of outer surface
  • Method of replication
A 
Has cells
DNA and RNA
Eukaryotic
80S
Has membrane bound organelles
Flexible membrane
Mitosis
22
Q

Characteristics of macro parasites

  • Organism
  • Size
  • Replication product
  • Generation time
  • Immunity
A 
Helminths
Big (naked eye)
Outside host (eggs, larvae)
Long
Weak and short lived

If progeny of macroparasites grow in an organism, can lead to large no of parasites in the body => cause infection

23
Q

Characteristics of micro parasites

  • Organism
  • Size
  • Replication product
  • Generation time
  • Immunity
A 
Viruses, bacteria, Protozoa and fungi
Small (need a microscope)
Within the host
Short
Can develop immunity
24
Q

How do you classify microbes

How do you name viruses

A

Microbes names with binomial Linen system (genus, species)

Viruses have 1 name

25
Characteristics of bacteria used in classification - staining - shape - spores - metabolism - enzyme, toxin prod - DNA sequencing
Staining -G+-ve Shape -Bacilli/Cocci/Spirilla Spores -Adhere end to end => chain => long branched stalk => spore release Metabolism -Obligate/facultative aerobes/anaerobes Enzyme, toxin prod DNA sequencing
26
What are the 4 essential bacterial components | -What are their functions
Cell wall - Peptidoglycan (tetra AA, glycan) - Shape, metabolism, virulence, antigenicity Plasma membrane - Barrier to molecules - Energy gen Nucleoid -DNA here Ribosome -Protein synth
27
How do you do a Gram stain | What color is G+ve/-ve bacteria
Primary stain Fixant Decolourizer Counter stain G+ve => blue G-ve => red
28
What bacteria do not stain | What stain do you use
Acid fast bacteria, mycobacteria | -Ziehl Nielsen
29
What are the properties of Gram +ve bacteria - Peptidoglycan - Outer membrane - LPS? - Teichoic? - Porins
``` Thick peptidoglycan layer No outer membrane No LPS, low lipid lipoprotein Teichoic/lipoteichoic acid No porins ```
30
What are the properties of Gram -ve bacteria - Peptidoglycan - Outer membrane - LPS? - Teichoic? - Porins
``` Thin peptidoglycan Thick outer membrane LPS, high lipid lipoprotein No teichoic/lipoteichoic acid Porins allow charged molecule mv ```
31
What are the non essential bacterial components | -what is their function
Capsule - polysaccharide - antigenic, ID component, valence, antiphagocytic, adherence Flagella - fixed no/location specific for movement - antigenic, ID component Pili/fimbirae - thin filaments - Normal => host cell attachment - Sex => bridge in conjugation Plasmid - circular dsDNA, can self replicate - AB resistance genes transmitted via conjugation, transformation, transduction Spores - Some G+ve, DNA surrounded by keratin - formed in adverse conditions - heat, chemical, desiccant resistance
32
How would you deal with spores - heat resistance - chemical resistance - long survival rate
Heat resistant -autoclave at 121C Chemical resistant -sporicides Long survival rate -can live in contaminated soil
33
What are the properties of helminths - lifecycle - cells - location - transmission (Direct/Indirect)
Lifecycle -complex egg => larva => adult Cells -multicellular Location -often infest GI Transmission (Direct) -Swallowing/skin penetration Transmission (Indirect) -Non human hosts
34
What are the properties of protozoa - lifecycle - cells - location - transmission (Direct/Indirect)
LIfecycle - Trophozoite stage => cyst stage - short regeneration time Cells -unicellular (large no of progeny) Location -free living/hosts needed in life cycle Transmission (Direct) -Ingestion Transmission (Indirect) -Insect vectors
35
What are the properties of fungi - cells - cell wall - location
Cells - yeast = uni - hyphae = branched, multicellular CAN BE BOTH Cell wall -Chitin Location -Environment/normal flora
36
What are the 3 types of fungal disease
Superficial -on hair shaft, dead skin Cutaneous -epidermis, hair, nails Opportunistic -internal organs
37
What are the essential viral components - what types of genetic material exist - what shapes exist
DNA/RNA - virion production in host => +ve ssmRNA - can be +ve/-ve/ss/ds - DNA large => encode own enzymes - DNA small => use host enzymes - RNA => encode RNA dependent RNA polymerase - Retro => code reverse transcriptase Capsid core - Capsomeres protect genome - Used to attach to host receptors in naked - Antigenic, AB target - Icosahedral (closed) - Helical (open) - Complex (POXVIRUSES)
38
What are the non essential viral components | -why is it important
Lipid envelope -spike glycoproteins -determines stability and transmission Naked => stable, food and water transmission Enveloped => doesnt persist in environment
39
What are the 6 steps in viral replication
Attach to cell receptors/proteins via spikes/coat Overcome membrane via fusion/translocation/receptor endocytosis Revealing genome Ribosomes, Golgi produce viral proteins Assembly of new visions => nucleocapsid Release of viruses from host
40
What 4 cell functions are needed for viral replication
Machinery for viral mRNA translation Enzymes for genome replication, vision assembly Transport pathways to reach replication sites Energy source

Immunity and Infection (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions