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HS 202 Exam 3 by Jasper 2018 > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

0
Q

Ways that microorganisms affect human life

A
  1. Subjects of interest
  2. Normal flora
  3. Recycling of nutrients and elements
  4. Used industrially and commercially
  5. Genetic engineering
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1
Q

Major groups of microorganisms:

A 
Bacteria
Protozoa
Algae
Fungi
Viruses
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2
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

It is a phenomenon wherein living organisms can be formed from non-living things.

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3
Q

What is the title of Robert Hooke’s book? About what?

A

Micrographia - description of plant cells

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4
Q

He observed the microorganisms under a simple light

microscope and called them “animal-cules.”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

He did the “Three Jars experiment”.

A

Francisco Redi

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6
Q

He Boiled mutton broth in several tubes, sealed and observed…said that putrefaction could generate the vital force for spontaneous generation

A

John Needham

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7
Q

He challenged Needham’s experiment by boiling the tubes longer.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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8
Q

What theory did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

The Germ theory of disease

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9
Q

What does the germ theory of disease state?

A

It states that specific microorganisms are the cause of specific diseases.

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10
Q

What other things did Pasteur do?

A
  1. Pasteurization of food

2. Development of several vaccines: anthrax, diptheria, and rabies

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11
Q

British surgeon who noticed that majority of postoperative deaths are caused by infections

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Developed antiseptic or sterile surgery - the use of carbolic acid to sterilize surgical tools and clean wounds

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13
Q

Who discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Robert Koch

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14
Q

Enumerate statements in Koch’s postulates.

A
  • The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but is absent from healthy organisms.
  • The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
  • The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
  • The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
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15
Q

Proposed that antibodies are responsible for immunity, and that certain chemicals (e.g. algae toxin) might be toxic against microbes (ex. arsenic for syphilis).

A

Paul Ehrlich

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16
Q

What did Alexander Fleming do?

A

He discovered penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum

in 1928.

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17
Q

What is penicillin?

A

Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall.

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18
Q

What are the two schemes used for classifying organisms?

A

5-kingdom scheme

2-domain scheme

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19
Q

Who proposed the five-kingdom scheme?

A

Robert Whittaker

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20
Q

The five-kingdom classification is based on what characteristics of organisms?

A
  1. Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)
  2. Cellular organization (solitary vs. colonial, multicellular vs unicellular)
  3. Nutritional Pattern (heterotrophs, etc.)
21
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A
  1. Kingdom Protista
  2. Kingdom Fungi
  3. Kingdom Plantae
  4. Kingdom Animalia
22
Q

Which kingdom is prokaryotic?

A

Kingdom Monera

23
Q

Organisms are classified in three-domain classification scheme based on what characteristics?

A
  • Based on molecular biology and biochemistry

- Comparing the sequences of nucleotides in rRNA from the different cell groups

24
Q

What are the three domains in the three-domain scheme?

A
  • Archeobacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukarya
25
Q

Characteristics of Archaebacteria:

A
  • Lack peptidoglycan

* Live in extreme environments

26
Q

Some examples (subgroups) in Archaebacteria:

A

o Methanogens
o Extreme halophiles
o Extreme thermophiles

27
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia:

A

o Multicellular
o No cell walls
o Ingestive heterotrophs
o Eukaryotic

28
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae:

A
  • Multicellular
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Usually photoautotrophic
  • Nonmotile
    -Eukaryotic
29
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Absorptive heterotrophs
  • Nonmotile
  • Develops from spores or hyphal fragments
  • Eukaryotic
30
Q

What is the purpose of Kingdom Protista in the classification scheme?

A

It is a catch-all, a storage garage, for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit all other kingdoms.

31
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

Which has a membrane-bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryote

32
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

Where are the extrachromosomal DNA located?

A

Pro - in plasmids

Eu - in organelles

33
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

Which has organelles?

A

Eukaryotes

34
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

What is weird about the plasma membrane of Prokaryotes?

A

The plasma membrane of prokaryotes contains enzymes of

respiration: active secretion of enzymes; site of phospholipid and DNA synthesis.

35
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

What is the difference between their cell walls?

A

Pro - Rigid layer of peptidoglycan (absent in Mycoplasma)

Eu - No peptidoglycan (in some cases cellulose present)

36
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

Difference re. presence of sterols

A

Pro - Absent (except in Mycoplasma)

Eu - Usually present

37
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

Difference re. ribosomes

A

Pro - 70s

Eu - 80s

38
Q

Basic bacterial cell shapes:

A
  • bacillus
  • coccus
  • spiral
39
Q

Material in bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

40
Q

How do bacterial cells divide?

A

Binary fission

41
Q

Mode of nutrition of protozoa

A

Heterotrophic or autotrophic

42
Q

Protozoa move via: (cellular structures)

A

Pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

43
Q

Cellularity of fungi

A

Some fungi are unicellular, some are multicellular

44
Q

Componens in fungal cell wall

A
  • glucan
  • mannan
  • chitin
45
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

They absorb organic material from the environment.

46
Q

What is weird about viruses?

A

They are non-cellular (they live as intracellular parasites).

47
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A
  • DNA or RNA as genetic material (but never both)
  • protein coat
  • may or may not have an envelope
48
Q

Composition of algal cell walls

A

Cellulose (just like plants)

49
Q

How do algae produce energy?

A

Photosynthesis

HS 202 Exam 3 by Jasper 2018 (2 decks)

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