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CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by the naked eye

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Which is smaller, bacteria or viruses?

A

Virus

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3
Q

What is the size of a typical bacterium?

A

2 microns

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4
Q

What is the typical size of virus? 

A

0.02-0.4 microns

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5
Q

Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures”

A

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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6
Q

Made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo

A

Francesco Stelluti

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7
Q

The first book devoted to microscopic observations

A

Micrographia (1665)

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8
Q

Reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells”

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

Theory that states that all living things are composed of cells

A

Cell Theory

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10
Q

Considered as the “first true microbiologist”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

Father of Bacteriology, Microbiology, and Protozoology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

Tiny living and moving cells that Leeuwenhoek saw through his simple, single-lens microscope

A

Animalcules

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13
Q

Thought that organic matter contained a vital force that could confer life on non-living matter

A

Spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis)

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14
Q

Living cells can rise ONLY from pre-existing living cells

A

Biogenesis Theory

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15
Q

Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

A

Francesco Redi

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17
Q

The proponent of spontaneous generation

A

John Needham

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18
Q

Improved Needham’s experiment

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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19
Q

Showed the importance of oxygen to life

A

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

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20
Q

Challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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21
Q

Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

A

Theodor Schwann

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22
Q

Notice that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed on a heat-sterilized medium flask.

A

Heinrich Schroder and Theodore von Dusch

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23
Q

Father of modern microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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24
Q

Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

A

Aseptic Techniques

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25
Q

Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

A

John Tyndall

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26
Q

Form of sterilization that uses moist heat for three consecutive days

A

Tyndallization

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27
Q

What is the use of Tyndallization?

A

To eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

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28
Q

Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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29
Q

Heat resistant structure of bacteria

A

Endospores

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30
Q

Aerobic heat resistant bacteria

A

Bacillus

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31
Q

Anaerobic heat resistant bacteria

A

Clostridium

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32
Q

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

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33
Q

When was the rabies vaccine developed?

A

1885

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34
Q

When was the anthrax vaccine developed?

A

1881

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35
Q

Causative agent of rabies

A

Rhabdovirus

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36
Q

Causative agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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37
Q

Who developed rabies and anthrax vaccine?

A

Pasteur

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38
Q

What to use when hands are visibly contaminated?

A

Antibacterial soap and water

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39
Q

What to use when hands are not visibly contaminated?

A

Alcohol

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40
Q

Culture of avirulent microorganism for preventive inoculation

A

Vaccine

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41
Q

Components of anti-toxin

A

Antibodies

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42
Q

Components of vaccine

A

Antigen / weakened, attenuated, and dead microorganisms

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43
Q

Enrichment media for N. gonorrhea

A

Thayer Martin Agar

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44
Q

Enrichment media for gram + bacteria

A

Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Agar

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45
Q

Causative agent of Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

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46
Q

What are the spirochetes

A

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema (BLT)

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47
Q

Acellular microorganism with nucleic acid but no protein coat

A

Viroids

48
Q

Acellular microorganism with protein coat but no nucleic acid

A

Prions

49
Q

Acellular microorganisms with nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) and protein coat

A

Virus

50
Q

Prokaryotic microorganisms

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Cyanobacteria

51
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa

52
Q

Largest bacteria

A

Bacillus anthracis

53
Q

Smallest bacteria

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

54
Q

Only bacteria without cell wall

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

55
Q

Shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Pleiomorphic (vary in shape)

56
Q

Smallest pathogenic bacilli

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

57
Q

Disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

A

Chancroid

58
Q

Manifestation of syphilis

A

Chancre

59
Q

Rod shaped organisms

A

Bacilli

60
Q

Spherical / round organisms

A

Cocci

61
Q

Bacilli with tapered pointed ends

A

Fusiform

62
Q

Vary in shape

A

Pleiomorphic

63
Q

Spiral shaped organisms

A

Spirochetes

64
Q

Unique appearance of N. gonorrheae

A

Pairs / diplococci

65
Q

Shape of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Oral, bullet, lancet shaped

66
Q

Bacteria in chain like arrangement

A

Streptococcus

67
Q

Bacteria in grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococcus

68
Q

Group of four / tetrads

A

Peptococcus

69
Q

Packets of eight / cuboidal

A

Sarcinae

70
Q

Palisades / Chinese character appearance

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

71
Q

Stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

A

Theodor Schwann

72
Q

Found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

A

Louis Pasteur

73
Q

Process of heating the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage

A

PASTEURIZATION

74
Q

He stated that souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria

A

Louis Pasteur

75
Q

He proved that a fungus caused another silkworm disease

A

Agostino Bassi

76
Q

He demonstrated that routine handwashing could prevent the spread of disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

77
Q

Father of Antiseptic Surgery

A

Joseph Lister

78
Q

Solution used by Joseph Lister for treating surgical wounds

A

Phenol solution

79
Q

Pioneered in promoting among surgeon’s handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

A

Joseph Lister

80
Q

First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

A

Robert Koch

81
Q

Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

82
Q

First to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein

A

Robert Koch

83
Q

Suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

A

Fanny Hesse

84
Q

Developed petri dish

A

Julius Richard Petri

85
Q

Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

A

Martins Beijerink and Sergei Winogradsky

86
Q

Introduced the concept of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

87
Q

WHO declared smallpox as officially eradicated in:

A

1979

88
Q

He developed the vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

89
Q

Prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

A

Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux

90
Q

Created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

A

Charles Chamberland

91
Q

He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

A

Emil von Behring

92
Q

Emil von Behring

A

Antitoxins for diphtheria

93
Q

First to describe the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

94
Q

Treatment of disease by using chemical substances

A

Chemotherapy

95
Q

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

96
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

97
Q

Chemotherapeutic agent developed by Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan (Arsphenamine)

98
Q

Discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

A

Selman Waksman

99
Q

Father of Antibiotics

A

Selman Waksman

100
Q

Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered:

A

Penicillin

101
Q

Made the purification process for Penicillin and clinical trials to humans

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

102
Q

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin

A

Edward Abraham

103
Q

Magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s simple, single-lens microscope

A

50x to 300x

104
Q

The most common method used both for the detection of microorganisms directly in clinical specimens and for the characterization of organisms grown in culture.

A

Microscopy

105
Q

Microscope used for observing non viable, stained preparations

A

Brightfield Microscope

106
Q

Microscope used to readily observe living specimens

A

Darkfield Microscope

107
Q

Microscope that allows us to observe microorganisms in an unstained state

A

Phase Contrast Microscope

108
Q

Microscope used to visualize specimens that are chemically tagged with a fluorescent dye

A

Fluorescent Microscope

109
Q

This microscope is used primarily to detect antigen–antibody reactions

A

Fluorescent Microscope

110
Q

Microscope that makes internal cellular structure visible

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

111
Q

Microscope used for visualizing surface characteristics rather than intracellular structures

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

112
Q

Enlargement of the specimen

A

Magnification

113
Q

Magnification of scanner objective lens

A

4x

114
Q

Magnification of low power objective lens

A

10x

115
Q

Magnification of high power objective lens

A

40x

116
Q

Magnification of oil immersion objective lens

A

100x

117
Q

It is how far apart two adjacent objects must be before a given lens shows them as discrete entities

A

Resolving power or resolution

CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY (3 decks)

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