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Introduction to Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Coccus

A

sphere

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2
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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3
Q

coccobacillus

A

sphere/rod

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4
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod

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5
Q

spirillum

A

skwigly rod

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6
Q

spirochete

A

spiral

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7
Q

pleomorphic

A

no defined shape

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8
Q

diplo

A

pair

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9
Q

strepto

A

chain

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10
Q

staphylo

A

grape-like cluster

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11
Q

tetrad

A

packet of four

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12
Q

sarcina

A

packet of eight

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13
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan. Stain red. Contains outer and inner membrane

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14
Q

Gram-positive

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan. Stain purple.

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15
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Gram-negative cells. between inner and outer membrance. Contains the peptidoglycan cell wall. Contains transport proteins. Can concentrate antibiotic hydrolases (resistance).

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16
Q

O antigen

A

Outer part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Repeating line of carbohydrates. Strain specific. Attachment site. Can inhibit phagocytosis.

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17
Q

Lipid A

A

The part of LPS embedded in the outer membrane. Toxic activity. B cell mitogen, induces cytokines and inflammatory mediators.

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18
Q

LPS

A

Gram negative cells. Acts as endotoxin. Has O antigen, core polysaccharide and Lipid A.

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19
Q

Trimeric proteins

A

Gram negative cells. Porins that act as no specific channels.

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20
Q

Lipoprotien

A

gram negative cells. stabilizes the outer membrane and anchors it to the peptidoglycan layer.

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21
Q

Wall teichoic acid (WTA)

A

Gram positive cells. Anchored to peptidoglycan.

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22
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

A

Gram positive cells. Anchored to the cell membrane.

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23
Q

WTA/LTA functions

A

Gram positive cells. Act as adhesins to facilitate invasion of the host cells by binding to cell receptors. Along with peptidoglycan they can initiate endotoxin-like activities when released. Provide elasticity and stability.

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24
Q

Acid-fast cell walls

A

Contain mycolic acid layer. Don’t respond to a gram stain. With an acid fast stain they will be fusha colored.

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25
Tetrameric porins
Acid fast cells. embedded in the mycolic acid layer and allow passage of small hydrophillic molecules.
26
Components of flagellum
Filament (H antigen), Hook (attaches filament to basal body), basal body ( anchors into cell wall).
27
Pili
Proteinaceous structure with adhesins.
28
Fimbriae
Pili made of lectins which bind to sugars. Petritrichous arrangement allows for twitching motility.
29
Sex pili
conjugation. DNA exchange. Gram negatives. Contributes to antibiotic resistance.
30
Glycocalyx
Polysaccharide layer outsie the cell wall. K antigen. prevents dessication, toxins, phagocytoisis, complement. Induces abscess formation, adherence. Acts as a virulence factor.
31
Capsule
rigid, uniform glycocalyx that closely surrounds the cell.
32
slime layer
loose, non-uniform, diffuse glycocalyx.
33
Plasmid
encodes ancillary (non essential) info. Acquired through genetic exchange.
34
Bacterial ribosome
70S (30S+50S)
35
Volutin granules
polymers of inorganic phosphate.
36
Glycogen granules
polymers of alpha-D-glucose.
37
PHB granules
chains of beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
38
MacConkey agar
detects fermentationwith a pH indicator and inhibits gram positive growth.
39
Chocolate agar
enriched medium that contains lysed RBC with hemin and NAD. Required for fastidious organisms.
40
Colonization
transient or permanently established microbial growth that does not interfere with the host (positive or negative).
41
Infection
irregular normal flora. May manifest a disease.
42
disease
abnormal condition of structure and function. results in damage to the host. Can occur without the actual presence of a microbe (toxins).
43
Incubation period
Microbe has entered at an infectious dose. No signs/symptoms, no immune response. not contagious.
44
Prodromal period
Non specific signs/symptoms, innate immune system is activated. Asymptomatic carrier.
45
Acute stage
Characteristic and severe signs/symptoms, Acquired immune system is active. Pathogen numbers are stationary.
46
Decline stage
signs/symptoms dwindle, immune system activity is reduced, pathogen is cleared from the host. Can still be contagious.
47
Convalescent stage
Full health, pathogen is cleared. Not contagious.
48
Virulent pathogen
always associated with diseases. signs/symptoms are due to the inflammatory response or direct damage to the organs/tissues.
49
Invasins
"spreading factors" Proteins/enzymes that act locally to damage host cells. Allow for the spread and replication of the bacteria.
50
Hyaluronidase
Invasin. Depolymerizes hyaluronic acid.
51
collagenase
Invasin. Breaks down collagen.
52
Neuraminidase
Invasin. Degrades neuraminic acid (intracellular glue).
53
Streptokinase/staphylokinase
Invasin. Fibrinolysins (break down blood clots).
54
Exotoxins
secreted in the extracellular fluid or are associated with teh cell surface. Bind cell receptors and cause cell death.
55
Enterotoxins
exotoxin that causes GI distress.
56
A/B exotoxins
A: attacks the cell. B: binds the toxin to the host receptor. Can form toxoids when seperated.
57
Super antigens
activate up to 40% of the T cells in the absence of an antigen. results in the massive release of cytokines. LPS.
58
Membrane active exotoxins
proteases, lipases and hemolysins.
59
Endotoxins
LPS of gram negative cells. O antigen is immunogenic and Lipid A is toxic.
60
Antigenic drift
accumulation of genetic mutations. leads to variability in the population.
61
Antigenic shift
reassortment of the viral genome. cell is infected by two different strains and produces a new subtype.
62
Antigenic switching
Recombination that results in a new surface antigen with no change in function.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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