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Microbiology > Introduction to Micro > Flashcards

Introduction to Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Coccus

A

sphere

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2
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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3
Q

coccobacillus

A

sphere/rod

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4
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod

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5
Q

spirillum

A

skwigly rod

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6
Q

spirochete

A

spiral

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7
Q

pleomorphic

A

no defined shape

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8
Q

diplo

A

pair

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9
Q

strepto

A

chain

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10
Q

staphylo

A

grape-like cluster

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11
Q

tetrad

A

packet of four

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12
Q

sarcina

A

packet of eight

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13
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan. Stain red. Contains outer and inner membrane

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14
Q

Gram-positive

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan. Stain purple.

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15
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Gram-negative cells. between inner and outer membrance. Contains the peptidoglycan cell wall. Contains transport proteins. Can concentrate antibiotic hydrolases (resistance).

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16
Q

O antigen

A

Outer part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Repeating line of carbohydrates. Strain specific. Attachment site. Can inhibit phagocytosis.

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17
Q

Lipid A

A

The part of LPS embedded in the outer membrane. Toxic activity. B cell mitogen, induces cytokines and inflammatory mediators.

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18
Q

LPS

A

Gram negative cells. Acts as endotoxin. Has O antigen, core polysaccharide and Lipid A.

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19
Q

Trimeric proteins

A

Gram negative cells. Porins that act as no specific channels.

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20
Q

Lipoprotien

A

gram negative cells. stabilizes the outer membrane and anchors it to the peptidoglycan layer.

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21
Q

Wall teichoic acid (WTA)

A

Gram positive cells. Anchored to peptidoglycan.

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22
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

A

Gram positive cells. Anchored to the cell membrane.

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23
Q

WTA/LTA functions

A

Gram positive cells. Act as adhesins to facilitate invasion of the host cells by binding to cell receptors. Along with peptidoglycan they can initiate endotoxin-like activities when released. Provide elasticity and stability.

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24
Q

Acid-fast cell walls

A

Contain mycolic acid layer. Don’t respond to a gram stain. With an acid fast stain they will be fusha colored.

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25
Q

Tetrameric porins

A

Acid fast cells. embedded in the mycolic acid layer and allow passage of small hydrophillic molecules.

26
Q

Components of flagellum

A

Filament (H antigen), Hook (attaches filament to basal body), basal body ( anchors into cell wall).

27
Q

Pili

A

Proteinaceous structure with adhesins.

28
Q

Fimbriae

A

Pili made of lectins which bind to sugars. Petritrichous arrangement allows for twitching motility.

29
Q

Sex pili

A

conjugation. DNA exchange. Gram negatives. Contributes to antibiotic resistance.

30
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Polysaccharide layer outsie the cell wall. K antigen. prevents dessication, toxins, phagocytoisis, complement. Induces abscess formation, adherence. Acts as a virulence factor.

31
Q

Capsule

A

rigid, uniform glycocalyx that closely surrounds the cell.

32
Q

slime layer

A

loose, non-uniform, diffuse glycocalyx.

33
Q

Plasmid

A

encodes ancillary (non essential) info. Acquired through genetic exchange.

34
Q

Bacterial ribosome

A

70S (30S+50S)

35
Q

Volutin granules

A

polymers of inorganic phosphate.

36
Q

Glycogen granules

A

polymers of alpha-D-glucose.

37
Q

PHB granules

A

chains of beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

38
Q

MacConkey agar

A

detects fermentationwith a pH indicator and inhibits gram positive growth.

39
Q

Chocolate agar

A

enriched medium that contains lysed RBC with hemin and NAD. Required for fastidious organisms.

40
Q

Colonization

A

transient or permanently established microbial growth that does not interfere with the host (positive or negative).

41
Q

Infection

A

irregular normal flora. May manifest a disease.

42
Q

disease

A

abnormal condition of structure and function. results in damage to the host. Can occur without the actual presence of a microbe (toxins).

43
Q

Incubation period

A

Microbe has entered at an infectious dose. No signs/symptoms, no immune response. not contagious.

44
Q

Prodromal period

A

Non specific signs/symptoms, innate immune system is activated. Asymptomatic carrier.

45
Q

Acute stage

A

Characteristic and severe signs/symptoms, Acquired immune system is active. Pathogen numbers are stationary.

46
Q

Decline stage

A

signs/symptoms dwindle, immune system activity is reduced, pathogen is cleared from the host. Can still be contagious.

47
Q

Convalescent stage

A

Full health, pathogen is cleared. Not contagious.

48
Q

Virulent pathogen

A

always associated with diseases. signs/symptoms are due to the inflammatory response or direct damage to the organs/tissues.

49
Q

Invasins

A

“spreading factors” Proteins/enzymes that act locally to damage host cells. Allow for the spread and replication of the bacteria.

50
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Invasin. Depolymerizes hyaluronic acid.

51
Q

collagenase

A

Invasin. Breaks down collagen.

52
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Invasin. Degrades neuraminic acid (intracellular glue).

53
Q

Streptokinase/staphylokinase

A

Invasin. Fibrinolysins (break down blood clots).

54
Q

Exotoxins

A

secreted in the extracellular fluid or are associated with teh cell surface. Bind cell receptors and cause cell death.

55
Q

Enterotoxins

A

exotoxin that causes GI distress.

56
Q

A/B exotoxins

A

A: attacks the cell. B: binds the toxin to the host receptor. Can form toxoids when seperated.

57
Q

Super antigens

A

activate up to 40% of the T cells in the absence of an antigen. results in the massive release of cytokines. LPS.

58
Q

Membrane active exotoxins

A

proteases, lipases and hemolysins.

59
Q

Endotoxins

A

LPS of gram negative cells. O antigen is immunogenic and Lipid A is toxic.

60
Q

Antigenic drift

A

accumulation of genetic mutations. leads to variability in the population.

61
Q

Antigenic shift

A

reassortment of the viral genome. cell is infected by two different strains and produces a new subtype.

62
Q

Antigenic switching

A

Recombination that results in a new surface antigen with no change in function.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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