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Year 1 Week 13 - Nutrition and Digestion > Introduction to metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what substances undergo breakdown (catabolic pathways)

A

proteins
fats
carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is produced by catabolic pathways/breakdown

A

byproducts:
- energy (atp) - work/heat
- reducing poer (nadph)
co2
intermediates

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3
Q

what goes into biosynthesis (anabolic pathways)

A

the intermediates of breakdown

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4
Q

what byproducts of breakdown are required for biosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

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5
Q

what is produced by biosynthesis

A

macromolecules

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6
Q

what do macromolecules go into

A

growth

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7
Q

what is produced by growth

A

cell structures

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8
Q

what processes occur from glucose, fatty acids, aminoacids, ADP and Pi

A

glycolysis
fatty acid oxidation
aminoacid breakdown
TCAcycle and ET-chain

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9
Q

what is produced by the processes of glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, aminoacid breakdown and TCAcycle and ET-chain

A

co2 and atp

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10
Q

what does ATP go into to produce ADP and Pi

A

muscle contraction
biosynthetic reactions
ion pumping

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11
Q

what is produced by ion pumping, biosynthetic reactions and muscle contractions

A

ADP and Pi

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12
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP - source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

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13
Q

equation for ATP

A

ATP + H2O <-> ADP + Pi

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14
Q

what process occurs from glucose and NADP+

A

pentose-phosphate pathway

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15
Q

what is produced by the pentose phosphate pathway

A

CO2 and NADPH

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16
Q

what processes are NADPH used in

A

cholesterol synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
ribonucleotide reduction

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17
Q

what is nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

A

NADP - a biological carrier of reducing equivalents meaning it can accept and deliver electrons. it functions generally as a coenzyme

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18
Q

what is the oxidised form of NADP

A

NADP+

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19
Q

what is the reduced for of NADP

A

NADPH

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20
Q

what is the equation for NADP

A

NADP+ + 2[H] = NADPH + H+

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21
Q

dietary requirments

A

energy
macronutrients
electrolytes and minerals
vitamins

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22
Q

sources of energy in a typical western diet

A

carbohydrate
fat
protein
alcohol

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23
Q

enzymes in the parotid gland

A

⍺-amylase

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24
Q

enzymes in the stomach

A

pepsin
H+ (pH<1)

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25
Q

enzymes in the pancreae

A

⍺-amylase
TAG lipase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase A&B
phospholipases
HCO3- (pH>8)

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26
Q

enzymes in the small intestine

A

peptidases
glucoamylase
sucrase/isomaltase
lactase

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27
Q

enzymes in the liver/gallbladder

A

bile acids
bile salts
cholesterol
HCO3- (pH7.8)

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28
Q

carboydrates in a typical western diet

A

starch - polysaccharide
sucrose - disaccharide
lactose - disaccharide
glucose - monosaccharide

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29
Q

how much of the energy requirement does carbohydrate make up

A

50%

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30
Q

what carbs are usually unimportant

A

free glucose and glycogen

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31
Q

what are all major dietary carbs convertible to

A

glucose

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32
Q

digestion pathway of amylose (starch, 10%)

A

amylose > maltose > glucose
maltose > glucose via glucoamylase (small intestine)

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33
Q

digestion pathway of amylopectin (starch, 90%)

A

amylopectin > maltose > glucose
OR
amylopectin > isomaltose > glucose
amylopectin > maltose via amylase (saliva and pancreas)
isomaltose > glucose via isomaltase (small intestine)

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34
Q

digestion of sucrose

A

sucrose > glucose
OR
sucrose > fructose > glucose
sucrose > fructose via sucrase (small intestine)

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35
Q

digestion of lactose

A

lactose > galactose > glucose
lactose > galactose via lactase (β-galactosidase) (small intestine)
OR
lactose > glucose

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36
Q

glucose metabolism in muscle

A

IN CYTOPLASM
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate <-> glucose-1-phosphate <- glycogen
2 pyruvate <-> 2 lactate + 2H+
IN MITOCHONDRIA
* 2CO2
2 acetyl-CoA
4 CO2

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37
Q

how much energy is produced by glycolysis

A

2 atp

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38
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

39
Q

how much energy is produced by the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

~ 30 atp

40
Q

is the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

41
Q

what happens to dietary fat in the small intestine

A

dietary fat > TAG > MAG via pancreatic lipase
MAG + fatty acids turn back into TAG in the intestinal mucosa

42
Q

what happens to TAG in the intestinal mucosa

A

TAG > chylomicrons

43
Q

what happens to chylomicrons in the blood

A

chylomicrons > fatty acids via lipoprotein lipase
fatty acids then found in muscle and adipose tissue

44
Q

what happens to chylomicron remnants in the blood

A

moved to the liver

45
Q

what happens to fatty acids in adipose tissue

A

formed by either glucose or chylomicrons
fatty acids form TAG
TAG turns into free fatty acids in blood via hormone sensitive lipase

46
Q

what happens to free fatty acids in the blood

A

turns into fatty acids in the muscle

47
Q

what happens to fatty acids in the muscle

A

turns into TAG and CO2

48
Q

features of chylomicrons

A

apolipoproteins
vitamins A, D, E A and K
cholesterol 5%
triacylglycerol + acylcholesterol 86%
phospholipid 8%

49
Q

what happens to dietary protein

A

moves to amino acid pool

50
Q

relation between amino acid pool and body protein

A

~ 300g/day moves from each pool to the other

51
Q

what happens with amino acids in the amino acid pool

A

body protein
biosynthetic products
N-free intermediates

52
Q

what is a byproduct of amino acids moving to N-free intermediates

A

NH3

53
Q

what is NH3 excreted as

A

urea

54
Q

what are N-free intermediated turned into

A

biosynthetic products
glucose
ketone bodies
CO2 + H2O

55
Q

nitrogen balance equation

A

nitrogen balance = N ingested - N excreted

56
Q

digested proteinases and zymogens in the stomach

A

pepsinogen > pepsin

57
Q

digestive proteinases and zymogens in small intestine

A

trypsinogen > trypsin
chymotrypsinogen > chymotrypsin
proelastase > elastase
procarboxypeptidase A+B > carboxypeptidase A+B

58
Q

what happens to amino acids int the tissues during protein turnover

A

aminoacid > carbon skeleton (ketoacid) or glutamate via transamination

59
Q

what happens to carbon skeletons (ketoacids) in the tissues during protein turnover

A

becomes CO2 via oxidation

60
Q

what happens to glutamate in the tissues during protein turnover

A

becomes alanine or glutamine in the blood

61
Q

what happens to alanine in the blood during protein turnover

A

alanine > glutamate in liver

62
Q

what happens to glutamate in the liver during protein turnover

A

glutamate > NH3 or aspartate
both NH3 and aspartate undergo urea cycle to become urea
urea passes through blood to kidneys then excreted in urine

63
Q

what happens to glutamine in blood during protein turnover

A

2 paths
glutamine (blood) > NH3 (kidneys) > NH4+ (urine)
glutamine (blood) > glutamate (kidneys) > glucose via gluconeogenesis (kidneys then released into bloodstream)

64
Q

metabolic classification of aminoacids - glucogenic

A

non essential: ala, asp, asn, cys, gln, glu, pro, ser
essential: met, thr, val, arg, his

65
Q

metabolic classification of aminoacids - ketogenic

A

essential: leu, lys

66
Q

metabolic classification of aminoacids - both glucogenic and ketogenic

A

non essential: tyr
essential: ile, phe, trp

67
Q

metabolic classification of aminoacids - neither glucogenic or ketogenic

A

non essential: gly

68
Q

energy production - from fat

A

fat (cytoplasm) > β-oxydation (mitochdria) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)

69
Q

energy production - from carbohydrate

A

carb (cytoplasm) > glycolysis (cytoplasm) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)

70
Q

energy production - from protein

A

protein (cytoplasm) > aminoacid breakdown (mitochondria) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)

71
Q

what goes into TCA cycle

A

acetyle-CoA
oxidised coenzymes

72
Q

what does the TCA cycle produce

A

byproduct of CO2
reduced coenzymes

73
Q

what goes into electron transport chain

A

reduced coenzymes
O2

74
Q

what comes out electron transport chain

A

oxidised coenzymes
H2O
electrochemical H+ potential

75
Q

what goes into ATP synthase

A

electrochemical H+ potential
ADP+Pi

76
Q

what does ATP synthase produce

A

ATP (shock)

77
Q

what is carbohydrate broken down into in the gut

A

glucose

78
Q

where does glucose travel to during metabolism

A

liver, muscle, adipose tissue, brain

79
Q

what does glucose turn into in the liver

A

glycogen

80
Q

what does glucose turn into in the mucle

A

lactate
glycogen

81
Q

where does lactate from the muscle travel to

A

the liver

82
Q

what does lactate in the liver become

A

glucose

83
Q

what does glucose in adipose tissue become

A

fatty acids

84
Q

what is protein broken down into in the gut

A

aminoacids

85
Q

where do aminoacids travel from the gut

A

liver and muscle

86
Q

what do aminoacids synthesis in the liver

A

glucose

87
Q

what do aminoacids synthesise in the muscle

A

protein

88
Q

what does triacylglycerol break down into in the gut

A

fatty acids

89
Q

what do fatty acids form in the gut

A

triacylglycerol

90
Q

where does triacylglycerol travel to from the gut

A

muscle and adipose tissue

91
Q

what does triacylglycerol form in the muscle and adipose tissue

A

fatty acids

92
Q

what do fatty acids form in the adipose tissue

A

triacylglycerol

93
Q

what does glucose turn into in the brain

A

CO2 + H20
byproduct of ATP

Year 1 Week 13 - Nutrition and Digestion (6 decks)

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