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Year 1 Week 13 - Nutrition and Digestion > Introduction to metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what substances undergo breakdown (catabolic pathways)

A

proteins
fats
carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is produced by catabolic pathways/breakdown

A

byproducts:
- energy (atp) - work/heat
- reducing poer (nadph)
co2
intermediates

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3
Q

what goes into biosynthesis (anabolic pathways)

A

the intermediates of breakdown

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4
Q

what byproducts of breakdown are required for biosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

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5
Q

what is produced by biosynthesis

A

macromolecules

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6
Q

what do macromolecules go into

A

growth

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7
Q

what is produced by growth

A

cell structures

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8
Q

what processes occur from glucose, fatty acids, aminoacids, ADP and Pi

A

glycolysis
fatty acid oxidation
aminoacid breakdown
TCAcycle and ET-chain

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9
Q

what is produced by the processes of glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, aminoacid breakdown and TCAcycle and ET-chain

A

co2 and atp

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10
Q

what does ATP go into to produce ADP and Pi

A

muscle contraction
biosynthetic reactions
ion pumping

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11
Q

what is produced by ion pumping, biosynthetic reactions and muscle contractions

A

ADP and Pi

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12
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP - source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

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13
Q

equation for ATP

A

ATP + H2O <-> ADP + Pi

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14
Q

what process occurs from glucose and NADP+

A

pentose-phosphate pathway

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15
Q

what is produced by the pentose phosphate pathway

A

CO2 and NADPH

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16
Q

what processes are NADPH used in

A

cholesterol synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
ribonucleotide reduction

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17
Q

what is nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

A

NADP - a biological carrier of reducing equivalents meaning it can accept and deliver electrons. it functions generally as a coenzyme

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18
Q

what is the oxidised form of NADP

A

NADP+

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19
Q

what is the reduced for of NADP

A

NADPH

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20
Q

what is the equation for NADP

A

NADP+ + 2[H] = NADPH + H+

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21
Q

dietary requirments

A

energy
macronutrients
electrolytes and minerals
vitamins

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22
Q

sources of energy in a typical western diet

A

carbohydrate
fat
protein
alcohol

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23
Q

enzymes in the parotid gland

A

⍺-amylase

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24
Q

enzymes in the stomach

A

pepsin
H+ (pH<1)

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25
enzymes in the pancreae
⍺-amylase TAG lipase trypsin chymotrypsin elastase carboxypeptidase A&B phospholipases HCO3- (pH>8)
26
enzymes in the small intestine
peptidases glucoamylase sucrase/isomaltase lactase
27
enzymes in the liver/gallbladder
bile acids bile salts cholesterol HCO3- (pH7.8)
28
carboydrates in a typical western diet
starch - polysaccharide sucrose - disaccharide lactose - disaccharide glucose - monosaccharide
29
how much of the energy requirement does carbohydrate make up
50%
30
what carbs are usually unimportant
free glucose and glycogen
31
what are all major dietary carbs convertible to
glucose
32
digestion pathway of amylose (starch, 10%)
amylose > maltose > glucose maltose > glucose via glucoamylase (small intestine)
33
digestion pathway of amylopectin (starch, 90%)
amylopectin > maltose > glucose OR amylopectin > isomaltose > glucose amylopectin > maltose via amylase (saliva and pancreas) isomaltose > glucose via isomaltase (small intestine)
34
digestion of sucrose
sucrose > glucose OR sucrose > fructose > glucose sucrose > fructose via sucrase (small intestine)
35
digestion of lactose
lactose > galactose > glucose lactose > galactose via lactase (β-galactosidase) (small intestine) OR lactose > glucose
36
glucose metabolism in muscle
IN CYTOPLASM glucose glucose-6-phosphate <-> glucose-1-phosphate <- glycogen 2 pyruvate <-> 2 lactate + 2H+ IN MITOCHONDRIA * 2CO2 2 acetyl-CoA 4 CO2
37
how much energy is produced by glycolysis
2 atp
38
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
39
how much energy is produced by the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
~ 30 atp
40
is the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
41
what happens to dietary fat in the small intestine
dietary fat > TAG > MAG via pancreatic lipase MAG + fatty acids turn back into TAG in the intestinal mucosa
42
what happens to TAG in the intestinal mucosa
TAG > chylomicrons
43
what happens to chylomicrons in the blood
chylomicrons > fatty acids via lipoprotein lipase fatty acids then found in muscle and adipose tissue
44
what happens to chylomicron remnants in the blood
moved to the liver
45
what happens to fatty acids in adipose tissue
formed by either glucose or chylomicrons fatty acids form TAG TAG turns into free fatty acids in blood via hormone sensitive lipase
46
what happens to free fatty acids in the blood
turns into fatty acids in the muscle
47
what happens to fatty acids in the muscle
turns into TAG and CO2
48
features of chylomicrons
apolipoproteins vitamins A, D, E A and K cholesterol 5% triacylglycerol + acylcholesterol 86% phospholipid 8%
49
what happens to dietary protein
moves to amino acid pool
50
relation between amino acid pool and body protein
~ 300g/day moves from each pool to the other
51
what happens with amino acids in the amino acid pool
body protein biosynthetic products N-free intermediates
52
what is a byproduct of amino acids moving to N-free intermediates
NH3
53
what is NH3 excreted as
urea
54
what are N-free intermediated turned into
biosynthetic products glucose ketone bodies CO2 + H2O
55
nitrogen balance equation
nitrogen balance = N ingested - N excreted
56
digested proteinases and zymogens in the stomach
pepsinogen > pepsin
57
digestive proteinases and zymogens in small intestine
trypsinogen > trypsin chymotrypsinogen > chymotrypsin proelastase > elastase procarboxypeptidase A+B > carboxypeptidase A+B
58
what happens to amino acids int the tissues during protein turnover
aminoacid > carbon skeleton (ketoacid) or glutamate via transamination
59
what happens to carbon skeletons (ketoacids) in the tissues during protein turnover
becomes CO2 via oxidation
60
what happens to glutamate in the tissues during protein turnover
becomes alanine or glutamine in the blood
61
what happens to alanine in the blood during protein turnover
alanine > glutamate in liver
62
what happens to glutamate in the liver during protein turnover
glutamate > NH3 or aspartate both NH3 and aspartate undergo urea cycle to become urea urea passes through blood to kidneys then excreted in urine
63
what happens to glutamine in blood during protein turnover
2 paths glutamine (blood) > NH3 (kidneys) > NH4+ (urine) glutamine (blood) > glutamate (kidneys) > glucose via gluconeogenesis (kidneys then released into bloodstream)
64
metabolic classification of aminoacids - glucogenic
non essential: ala, asp, asn, cys, gln, glu, pro, ser essential: met, thr, val, arg, his
65
metabolic classification of aminoacids - ketogenic
essential: leu, lys
66
metabolic classification of aminoacids - both glucogenic and ketogenic
non essential: tyr essential: ile, phe, trp
67
metabolic classification of aminoacids - neither glucogenic or ketogenic
non essential: gly
68
energy production - from fat
fat (cytoplasm) > β-oxydation (mitochdria) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)
69
energy production - from carbohydrate
carb (cytoplasm) > glycolysis (cytoplasm) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)
70
energy production - from protein
protein (cytoplasm) > aminoacid breakdown (mitochondria) > acetyl-CoA (mitochondria)
71
what goes into TCA cycle
acetyle-CoA oxidised coenzymes
72
what does the TCA cycle produce
byproduct of CO2 reduced coenzymes
73
what goes into electron transport chain
reduced coenzymes O2
74
what comes out electron transport chain
oxidised coenzymes H2O electrochemical H+ potential
75
what goes into ATP synthase
electrochemical H+ potential ADP+Pi
76
what does ATP synthase produce
ATP (shock)
77
what is carbohydrate broken down into in the gut
glucose
78
where does glucose travel to during metabolism
liver, muscle, adipose tissue, brain
79
what does glucose turn into in the liver
glycogen
80
what does glucose turn into in the mucle
lactate glycogen
81
where does lactate from the muscle travel to
the liver
82
what does lactate in the liver become
glucose
83
what does glucose in adipose tissue become
fatty acids
84
what is protein broken down into in the gut
aminoacids
85
where do aminoacids travel from the gut
liver and muscle
86
what do aminoacids synthesis in the liver
glucose
87
what do aminoacids synthesise in the muscle
protein
88
what does triacylglycerol break down into in the gut
fatty acids
89
what do fatty acids form in the gut
triacylglycerol
90
where does triacylglycerol travel to from the gut
muscle and adipose tissue
91
what does triacylglycerol form in the muscle and adipose tissue
fatty acids
92
what do fatty acids form in the adipose tissue
triacylglycerol
93
what does glucose turn into in the brain
CO2 + H20 byproduct of ATP

Year 1 Week 13 - Nutrition and Digestion (6 decks)

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