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Biology 107 > Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of an organisms chemical reactions.

Metabolism is an emergent property of life arising from interactions between molecules within cell.

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Begin with a specific molecule (substrate/reactant) and end with a product.

Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

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3
Q

Types of metabolic pathways.

A

Catabolic Pathway

Anabolic Pathway

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4
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

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5
Q

Example of Catabolic Pathway

A

Cellular Respiration

Glucose

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6
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

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7
Q

Example of Anabolic Pathways

A

Synthesis of protein

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8
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

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9
Q

What is Energy?

A

The capacity to do/cause change.

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10
Q

What are the 4 forms of Energy?

A

Kinetic Energy
Thermal Energy
Potential Energy
Chemical Energy

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11
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy associated with motion

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12
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

thermal (aka heat)

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13
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its location/structure.

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14
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Potential energy avaliable for release in a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

The amount of energy in the universe is constant.

meaning

energy can not be created or destroyed; only transferred

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16
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (disorder of universe).

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17
Q

Free Energy Change

A

A living systems free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.

Change in free energy (delta G) is related to change in total energy (also called enthalpy delta H), change in entropy (delta s), and temperature in Kelvin (T)

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18
Q

Free-Energy Change Formula

A

delta G = delta H - (T*deltaS)

G = free energy
H= total energy of a system
T = temperature in Kelvin
S = entropy
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19
Q

A cell reaction that decreases entropy of a system is ________

A

Anabolic

20
Q

Free Energy

A

Measure of a system’s instability, its tendancy to change to a more stable state.

21
Q

Equilibrium

A

State of maximum stability.

A process is only spontaneous and can perfom work when it is moving toward equilibrium.

22
Q

Systems with high G (free energy)

A

complex/organized/non-random

23
Q

Systems with low G (fre energy)

A

disordered/random

24
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Proceeds with a net release fo free energy and is spontaneous.

In a graph reactants are higher and products are lower in energy.

Exo - release

25
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous.

Products have higher energy than reactants.

26
Q

Exergonic and Endergonic reactions

A
  • take place together
27
Q

Reactions in a closed system & equilibrium

A

Reactions in a closed system eventually reach equilibrium and then do no work

28
Q

Open systems

A

cells not in equilibrium

29
Q

Is metabolism at equilibrium

A

NEVERRRR

30
Q

Equilibrium and Metabolism

A

Energy from exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reactions

31
Q

Biological Systems - Equilibrium and Metabolism

A
  • open
  • not at equilibrium
  • metabolism never at equilibrium
32
Q

Three kinds of cellular work

A

Chemical
Transport
Mechanical

33
Q

To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy

coupling.

A

Enery Coupling powered by ATP.

Ecergonic reaction -deltaG coupled to endergonic reaction deltaG

34
Q

Energy Currency of Cell is

A

ATP

35
Q

The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP

A

Bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken by
hydrolysis

3rd bond is average high energy bond
Free energy for work

36
Q

The Regeneration of ATP

A

ATP is a renewable resource

This molecule is recycled over and over

37
Q

Catalyst

A

A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a

reaction without being consumed

38
Q

An enzyme is a ______

A

catalytic protein

39
Q

example of an

enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Hydrolysis of sucrose by sucrase

40
Q

Energy Profile of an Exergonic Reaction

A

Every chemical reaction between
molecules involves bond breaking and bond forming.

Initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called free energy of activation.

41
Q

How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier

A

Enzymes catalyze reactions
by lowering EA barrier.

Enzymes do not affect
change in free energy (∆G)

42
Q

substrate

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on.

Enzymes bind with substrates to form a complex.

The substrate than an enzyme binds to, and therefore the reaction catalyzed by each enzyme, is very specific

Enzymes have an affinity for a specific substrate.

43
Q

active site

A

region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

44
Q

Induced fit

A

Induced fit of a substrate brings
chemical groups of active site into
positions that enhance their ability to catalyze reaction

45
Q

Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site

A

In an enzymatic reaction, the substrate binds to the active

site of the enzyme

46
Q

Active site can lower an EA barrier by

A

Orienting substrates correctly

Strain bonds of substrates

Provide favorable microenvironment

Covelently bond w/substrates

47
Q

The Active Site and Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme

A
  1. Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape such that its active site enfolds the substrates (induced fit)
  2. substrates are held in active sites by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
  3. The active site lowers EA and speeds up teh rxn
  4. Substrates are converted to products
  5. products are released
  6. Active site is avaliablefor 2 new substrate molecules

Biology 107 (1 decks)

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